Keywords
eye-tracking
eye movement registration
eye macromovements
saccades
fixations
sport eye-tracking
Abstract
Introduction. The study of the oculomotor activity of athletes is of interest to sports psychologists and sports training specialists. Oculomotor activity is an integral part of sports activity, and its training and optimization with the development of effective oculomotor strategies can contribute to the improvement of both sports performance and the health and functional state of the athlete. Theoretical justification. Research on athletes' oculomotor activity considers its various aspects, including visual search, the difference between eye movements of professionals and beginners. It also considers the relationship between effective oculomotor strategies and athletic performance success. Due to technology development, mobile eye-tracking technology has emerged that can be utilized in real-life sports activities. Mobile eye-tracking provides high ecological validity of research, combination with psychophysiological methods and virtual reality. The disadvantages of the mobile eye-tracking system include low, compared to stationary systems, measurement accuracy and the possibility of recording only macromovements of the eyes (fixations and saccades). Discussion. As a result of the theoretical analysis, the relevance and significance of studying athletes' oculomotor patterns have been outlined. In addition, the possibilities of using mobile eye-tracking in sports for these purposes to analyze athletes' oculomotor patterns have been described. Researchers may encounter problems when using mobile eye-tracking systems to record athletes' oculomotor patterns are highlighted. In particular, loss of eye-tracking data, difficulties selecting an optimal algorithm for data analysis, and ambiguity in interpreting the obtained information. In spite of the described problems, mobile eye-tracking systems represent an optimal means of recording eye movements in athletes for the purpose of further optimizing training and performance.
References
Анисимов, В. Н., Ермаченко, Н. С., Ермаченко, А. А., Терещенко, Л. В., Латанов, А. В. (2012). Экспериментальный комплекс для одновременной регистрации движений глаз и электроэнцефалограммы. Известия ЮФУ. Технические науки, 11, 116–120.
Барабанщиков, В. А., Жегалло, А. В. (2014). Айтрекинг: Методы регистрации движений глаз в психологических исследованиях и практике. Когито-Центр.
Блинникова, И. В., Ишмуратова, Ю. А. (2021). Решение задач экспертами и новичками в области химии: анализ ошибок, времени выполнения и параметров движений глаз. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 14. Психология, 2, 281–313.
Веракса, А. Н., Коробейникова, Е. Ю., Леонов, С. В., Рассказова, Е. И. (2015). Глазодвигательные параметры стрелков из лука в процессе прицеливания. Психологический журнал, 36(6), 109–118.
Горовая, А. Е., Коробейникова, Е. Ю. (2013). Использование технологии айтрекинга в психологии спорта. Психологическая наука и образование, 1, 1–16.
Грушко, А. И., Леонов, С. В. (2013). Использование систем регистрации движений глаз.. Национальный психологический журнал, 1, 106–116. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2013.0214
Грушко, А. И. (2017). Использование систем регистрации движений глаз в психологической подготовке спортсменов. Москва.
Ермаченко, Н. С., Ермаченко, А. А., Латанов, А. В. (2011). Интеграция видеоокулографии и электроэнцефалографии для исследования зрительного селективного внимания у человека. Журнал высшей нервной деятельности, 5, 1–10.
Исаев, А. В., Исайчев, С. А. (2015). Количественные и качественные индикаторы формирования антиципации у спортсменов-борцов. Национальный психологический журнал, 18(2), 25–32.
Леонов, С. В., Грушко, А. И. (2015). Применение систем регистрации движений глаз в психологической подготовке футболистов. Национальный психологический журнал, 2(18), 1–24.
Леонов, С. В., Поликанова, И. С., Булаева, Н. И., Клименко, В. А. (2020). Особенности использования виртуальной реальности в спортивной практике. Национальный психологический журнал, 1(37), 18–30.
Меньшикова, Г. Я., Пичугина, А. О. (2021). К вопросу об особенностях анализа движений глаз в процессе восприятия лиц. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 14. Психология, 1, 196–219.
Напалков, Д. А., Ратманова, П. О., Коликов, М. Б. (2009). Аппаратные методы диагностики и коррекции функционального состояния стрелка: Методические рекомендации. МАКС Пресс.
Поликанова, И. С., Леонов, С. В., Якушина, А. А., Чертополохов, В. А., Исаев, А. В. (2022). Использование систем регистрации движений глаз в психологической подготовке единоборцев. С. А. Шевыри, Т. Н. Ключинская (ред.). Физическая культура, спорт, туризм: научно-методическое сопровождение: материалы X Всероссийской научно-практической конференции с международным участием. Пермский Государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет.
Пронина, А. С., Григорян, Р. К., Каплан, А. Я. (2018). Движения глаз человека при наборе текста в интерфейсе мозг-компьютер на основе потенциала П300: эффект размера стимула и расстояния между стимулами. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 14. Психология, 4, 120–134.
Смирнова, Я. К. (2022). Айтрекинг исследования использования разных форм инструкции в обучении детей с нарушением слуха. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 14. Психология, 2, 192–222.
Тамбовский, А. Н. (2003). Теоретические и прикладные основы спортивной офтальмоэргономики. Москва.
Турицын, М. И., Анохин, А. Н., Воловод, Д. А., Герасимчук, И. С., Машковцева, Р. И. (2016). Исследование характеристик и возможности применения бюджетного айтрекера в эргономических задачах. А. Н. Анохин, П. И. Падерно, С. Ф. Сергеев (ред.). Сборник материалов Второй международной научно-практической конференции «Человеческий фактор в сложных технических системах и средах» (Эрго-2016). Санкт-Петербург.
Цзинь, А., Тамбовский, А. Н. (2017). Технико-тактическая деятельность спортсмена с позиции спортивной офтальмоэргономики. Ученые записки университета имени П.Ф. Лесгафта, 5(147), 188–192.
Afonso, J., Garganta, J., McRobert, A., Williams, A. M., & Mesquita, I. (2012). The perceptual cognitive processes underpinning skilled performance in volleyball: evidence from eye-movements and verbal reports of thinking involving an in situ representative task. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 11(2), 339–345.
Aksum, K. M., Magnaguagno, L., Bjørndal, C. T., & Jordet, G. (2020). What Do Football Players Look at? An Eye-Tracking Analysis of the Visual Fixations of Players in 11 v 11 Elite Football Match Play. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.56299
Aoyama, C., Goya, R., Suematsu, N., Kadota, K., Yamamoto, Y., & Shimegi, S (2022). Spatial Accuracy of Predictive Saccades Determines the Performance of Continuous Visuomotor Action. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.775478
Barfoot, K. M., Casey, M. C., & Callaway, A. J. (2012). Combined EEG and eye-tracking in sports skills training and performance analysis. World Congress of Performance Analysis of Sport. University of Worcester.
Brams, S., Ziv, G., Levin, O., Spitz, J., Wagemans, J., Williams, A. M., & Helsen, W. F. (2019). The relationship between gaze behavior, expertise, and performance: A systematic review. Psychological Bulletin, 145, 980–1027.
Calabrò, R. S., Naro, A., Russo, M., Leo, A., De Luca, R., Balletta, T., Buda, A., La Rosa, G., Bramanti, A., & Bramanti, P. (2017). The role of virtual reality in improving motor performance as revealed by EEG: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-017-0268-4
Clay, V. (2019). Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 12(1).
Di Russo, F., Pitzalis, S., & Spinelli, D. (2003). Fixation stability and saccadic latency in élite shooters. Vision Research, 43, 1837–1845
Espino Palma, C., Luis del Campo, V., & Muñoz Marín, D. (2023). Visual Behaviours of Expert Padel Athletes When Playing on Court: An In Situ Approach with a Portable Eye Tracker. Sensors, 23, 1438. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031438
Fujiwara, K., Kiyota, N., Maekawa, M., Kunita, K., Kiyota, T., & Maeda, K. (2009). Saccades and prefrontal hemodynamics in basketball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30, 647–651.
Heilmann, F., & Witte, K. (2021). Perception and Action under Different Stimulus Presentations: A Review of Eye-Tracking Studies with an Extended View on Possibilities of Virtual Reality. Applied Sciences, 11, 5546. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125546
Helsen, W. F., & Starkes, J. L. (1999). A multidimensional approach to skilled perception and performance in sport. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, 1–27.
Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M., & Mulvey, F. (2012, March). Eye tracker data quality: What it is and how to measure it. In: Proceedings of the symposium on eye tracking research and applications. https://doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168563
Houze, J, Spaniol, F.J., & Paulison, E. (2023). The Relationship between Visual Skills and Batting Performance of Elite Major League Baseball Batters. Annals of Sports Medicine and Research, 10(1), 1200.
Hüttermann, S. Noël, B., & Memmert, D. (2018). Eye tracking in high-performance sports: Evaluation of its application in expert athletes. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, 17(2), 182–203.
Janelle, C. M., Hillman, C. H., & Apparies, R. J. (2000). Expertise Differences in Cortical Activation and Gaze Behavior during Rifle Shooting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22(2), 167–182.
Kishita, Y., Ueda, H. & Kashino, M. (2020). Temporally Coupled Coordination of Eye and Body Movements in Baseball Batting for a Wide Range of Ball Speeds. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, 64. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00064
Kredel, R., Vater, C., Klostermann, A. & Hossner, E-J. (2017). Eye-Tracking Technology and the Dynamics of Natural Gaze Behavior in Sports: A Systematic Review of 40 Years of Research. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01845
Llanes-Jurado, J. L., Marín-Morales, J., Guixeres, J., & Alcañiz, M. (2020). Development and Calibration of an Eye-Tracking Fixation Identification Algorithm for Immersive Virtual Reality. Sensors, 20(17).
Mann, D. T. Y., Coombes, S. A., Mousseau, M. B., & Janelle, C. M. (2011). Quiet eye and the Bereitschafts potential: visuomotor mechanisms of expert motor performance. Cognitive processing, 12(3), 223–234.
Mann, D. T., Williams, A. M., Ward, P., & Janelle, C. M. (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: a meta-analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
Martell, S. G., & Vickers, J. N. (2004). Gaze characteristics of elite and nearelite athletes in ice hockey defensive tactics. Human Movement Science, 22, 689–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2004.02.004
McGuckian, T. B., Cole, M. H., Jordet, G., Chalkley, D., & Pepping, G.-J. (2018). Don’t turn blind! The relationship between exploration before ball possession and on-ball performance in association football. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2520. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02520
Menshikova, G., Kovalev, A., & Klimova, O. (2014). Testing the Vestibular Function Development in Junior Figure Skaters Using the Eye Tracking Technique. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 146(6–7), 252–258.
Menshikova, G. Ya., Kovalev, A. I., Klimova, O. A., & Barabanschikova, V. V. (2017). The application of virtual reality technology to testing resistance to motion sickness. Psychology in Russia: State of the art, 10(3), 151–164.
Nyström, M. (2010). An adaptive algorithm for fixation, saccade, and glissade detection in eye tracking data. Behavior Research Methods, 42(1), 188–204.
Pastel, S., Chen, C.-H., Martin, L., Naujoks, M., Petri, K., & Witte, K. (2020). Comparison of gaze accuracy and precision in real-world and virtual reality. Virtual Reality, 25, 175–189.
Piras, A., Lobietti, R., & Squatrito, S. (2010). A study of saccadic eye movement dynamics in volleyball: comparison between athletes and non-athletes. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 50, 99–108.
Piras, A., Raffi, M., Lanzoni, I. M., Persiani, M., & Squatrito, S. (2015). Microsaccades and prediction of a motor act outcome in a dynamic sport situation. Microsaccades in table tennis. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 56, 4520–4530. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-16880
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye Movements in Reading and Information Processing: 20 Years of Research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372–422.
Sáenz-Moncaleano, C., Basevitch, I., & Tenenbaum, G. (2018). Gaze Behaviors During Serve Returns in Tennis: A Comparison between Intermediate- and High-Skill Players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 40, 49–59.
Salvucci, D. D. & Goldberg, J. H. (2000). Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols. The symposium: Proceedings. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 71–78.
Widdel, H. (1984). Operational Problems in Analysing Eye Movements. In A. G. Gale, F. Johnson (eds). Theoretical and applied aspects of eye movement research. North-Holland.
Wirth, M., Kohl, S., Gradl, S., Farlock, R., Roth, D., & Eskofier, B. M. (2021). Assessing Visual Exploratory Activity of Athletes in Virtual Reality Using Head Motion Characteristics. Sensors, 21, 3728. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113728
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Russian Psychological Journal