Abstract
Introduction. This article analyzes various aspects of psychological well-being and resources for mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who have been displaced from their permanent residence. Methods. Mothers of children with ASD, the main group (N = 18, mean age 39.9 years) who live with their children in a temporary accommodation center (TAC) and the control group (N = 18, mean age 32.9 years) participated in the study. The abbreviated Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (Lovibond, Lovibond, 1995), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988), Frequency of seeking help in different categories (Ushkov et al., 2020), Modified Semantic Differential methodology (Molchanov, Almazova, Poskrebysheva, 2023), Coping Ways Scale, Single-item assessment of general life satisfaction were used. Results. Forced migrants demonstrated lower life satisfaction, weaker perception from friends and in general from different sources, more often ready to seek help from "secondary support" groups, and less often from partners and friends compared to the control group. No differences were found between the groups in measures of depression, anxiety, and stress, but the levels of depression and stress were significantly higher in both groups compared to the population data. Differences in time perspective were found: forced migrants perceive the world in the future as less complicated compared to the control group. Discussion. The peculiarities of psychological well-being (increased levels of stress and depression) due to the presence of children with ASD, characteristic of both groups, and differences between groups determined by forced migration were revealed. Important resources for migrants may be a positive image of the world in the future, readiness to rely on support from family and "secondary support" groups, and some sociodemographic characteristics (presence of other children, age). Conclusion. The results obtained will make it possible to pay special attention to those categories of forced migrants who were previously in risk groups, including mothers of children with mental developmental disabilities.
References
Гусева, О. В. (2017). Тестовые и проективные методы психологической диагностики особенностей системы семейных отношений здоровых сиблингов в семьях с детьми с расстройствами аутистического спектра. Психология. Психофизиология, 10(4), 5–16.
Дорошева, Е. А., Грабельникова, У. С. (2018). Синдром эмоционального выгорания, особенности совладающего поведения и регуляции эмоций у матерей, воспитывающих ребенка с расстройством аутистического спектра. Reflexio, 11(1), 5–18.
Золотарева, А. А. (2020). Систематический обзор психометрических свойств шкалы депрессии, тревоги и стресса (DASS-21). Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени ВМ Бехтерева, (2), 26–37.
Кузьмина, А. С., Кривошей, К. О. (2024). Отношение к болезни ребенка и родительское выгорание женщин, воспитывающих детей с расстройствами аутистического спектра. Психология и психотехника, (1), 143–156.
Молчанов, С. В., Алмазова, О. В., Поскребышева, Н. Н. (2023). Связь образа мира у российской студенческой молодежи с опытом участия в волонтерской деятельности. Культурно-историческая психология, 19(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.17759/chp.2023190110
Нестерова, А. А., Ковалевская, Н. А. (2015). Жизнеспособность и стратегии совладания матерей, воспитывающих детей с расстройствами аутистического спектра. Вестник Государственного университета просвещения. Серия: Психологические науки, (3), 38–46.
Первушина, О. Н., Киселева, О. В., Мурашова, Т. А., & Дорошева, Е. А. (2021). Эмоциональное состояние родителей детей с расстройствами аутистического спектра (РАС). Вопросы психического здоровья детей и подростков: Научно-практический рецензируемый журнал психиатрии, психологии, психотерапии и смежных дисциплин, (1), 14.
Ушков Ф. И., Шайгерова Л. А., Долгих А. Г., Алмазова О. В. (2020). Воспитатели и психологи колоний как значимые другие для несовершеннолетних правонарушителей в период отбывания наказания. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 14: Психология, (3), 88–119.
AlRefaie, A., & Dowrick, C. (2021). Causes and risk factor of post-traumatic stress disorder in adult asylum seekers and refugees. Psychiatry International, 2(4), 410–423. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint2040032
Baird, H. M., Webb, T. L., Sirois, F. M., & Gibson-Miller, J. (2021). Understanding the effects of time perspective: A meta-analysis testing a self-regulatory framework. Psychological bulletin, 147(3), 233–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000313
Chad-Friedman, E., Kuhlthau, K. A., Millstein, R. A., Perez, G. K., Luberto, C. M., Traeger, L., Proszynski, J., & Park, E. (2022). Characteristics and Experiences of Parents of Children with Learning and Attention Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mixed Methods Study. The Family Journal, 30(3), 427–436.
Crowell, J. A., Keluskar, J., & Gorecki, A. (2019). Parenting behavior and the development of children with autism spectrum disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 90(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.11.007
Daugherty, J. R., & Brase, G. L. (2010). Taking time to be healthy: Predicting health behaviors with delay discounting and time perspective. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 202–207. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.007
Dembo, R. S., Huntington N., Mitra M., Rudolph, A. E., Lachman, M. E., & Mailick, M. R. (2022). Social network typology and health among parents of children with developmental disabilities: Results from a national study of midlife adults. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114623. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114623
Dembo, R. S., Mailick, M. R., Rudolph, A. E., Huntington, N., DaWalt, L. S., & Mitra, M. (2023). Social Network Diversity and Mental Health Among Mothers of Individuals With Autism. American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities, 128(2), 101–118. http://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-128.2.101
Drake, L., Duncan, E., Sutherland, F., Abernethy, C., & Henry, C. (2008). Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time & Society, 17, 47–61. http://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X07086304
Efstratopoulou, M., Sofologi, M., Giannoglou, S., & Bonti, E. (2022). Parental stress and children self-regulation problems in families with children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Journal of Intelligence, 10(1), 4. https://doi.org/10. 3390/jintelligence10010004
Enea, V., & Rusu, D. M. (2020). Raising a child with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature investigating parenting stress. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 13(4), 283–321. https:// doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2020.1822962
Girardi, P, Modesti, M. N., Del Casale, A. (2023). Migrants and Mental Health: Equal Rights but Different Needs. Psychiatry International, 4(1), 45–47. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint4010007
Hou, Y., Stewart, L., Iao, L., & Wu, C. (2018). Parenting stress and depressive symptoms in Taiwanese mothers of young children with autism spectrum disorder: Association with children’s behavioural problems. Mental Handicap Research, 31(6), 1113–1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12471
Karst, J. S., & Van Hecke, A. V. (2012). Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders: A review and proposed model for intervention evaluation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15(3), 247–277. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10567-012-0119-6
Lewin, K. (1997). Resolving social conflicts and field theory in social science. American Psychological Association. Time Perspective and Moral (1948), pp. 80–104.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
Ludlow, A., Skelly, C., & Rohleder, P. (2012). Challenges faced by parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of health psychology, 17(5), 702–711. doi:10.1177/1359105311422955
Marsack, C. N., & Perry, T. E. (2018). Aging in place in every community: Social exclusion experiences of parents of adult children with autism spectrum disorder. Research on aging, 40(6), 535–557. doi:10.1177/0164027517717044
Ng, C. S. M., Fang, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhang, M. (2021). Potential Factors of Parenting Stress in Chinese Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 36(4), 237–248.
Ntre, V., Papanikolaou, Κ., Amanaki, E., Triantafyllou, K., Tzavara, C., & Kolaitis, G. (2022). Coping Strategies in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder and their relation to maternal stress and depression. Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki, 33(3), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2022.068
Padden, C., & James, J. E. (2017). Stress among parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder: A comparison involving physiological indicators and parent self-reports. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 29(4), 567–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-017-9547-z
Pakenham, K. I., Samios, C., & Sofronoff, K. (2005). Adjustment in mothers of children with Asperger syndrome: An application of the double ABCX model of family adjustment. Autism, 9(2), 191–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361305049033
Picardi, A., Gigantesco, A., Tarolla, E., Stoppioni, V., Cerbo, R., Cremonte, M., Alessandri, G., Lega, I., & Nardocci, F. (2018). Parental burden and its correlates in families of children with autism spectrum disorder: A multicentre study with two comparison groups. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 14, 143–176. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901814010143
Pierce, K. D., Quiroz, C. S. (2019) Who matters most? Social support, social strain, and emotions. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(10), 3273–3292.
Pisula, E., & Porebowicz-Dörsmann, A. (2017). Family functioning, parenting stress and quality of life in mothers and fathers of Polish children with high functioning autism or Asperger syndrome. PLoS One, 12(10), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186536
Reed, P., Howse, J., Ho, B., & Osborne, L. A. (2017). Relationship between perceived limit-setting abilities, autism spectrum disorder severity, behaviour problems and parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21(8), 952–959.
Rodriguez, G., Hartley, S. L., & Bolt, D. (2019). Transactional relations between parenting stress and child autism symptoms and behavior problems. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1887–1898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3845-x
Rosenbrock, G. J., Mire, S. S., Kim, H. J., & Aguirre-Munoz, Z. (2021). Exploring sociodemographic predictors of parents’ perceptions about their children’s autism and their families’ adjustment. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 108, 103811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103811
Russell, B. S., Hutchison, M., Tambling, R., Tomkunas, A. J., & Horton, A. L. (2020). Initial challenges of caregiving during COVID-19: Caregiver burden, mental health, and the parent-child relationship. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 51(5), 671–682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01037-x
Samadi, S. A., & McConkey, R. (2014). The impact on Iranian mothers and fathers who have children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58(3), 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12005
Seltzer, M. M., Floyd, F., Song, J., Greenberg, J., & Hong, J. (2011). Midlife and aging parents of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Impacts of lifelong parenting. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 116(6), 479–499. http://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-116.6.479
Sim, A., Vaz, S., Cordier, R., Joosten, A., Parsons, D., Smith, C., & Falkmer, T. (2018). Factors associated with stress in families of children with autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 21(3), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2017.1326185
Soltanifar, A., Akbarzadeh, F., Moharreri, F., Soltanifar, A., Ebrahimi, A., Mokhber, N., Minoocherhr, A., & Ali Naqvi, S. S. (2015). Comparison of parental stress among mothers and fathers of children with autistic spectrum disorder in Iran. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 20(1), 93–98.
Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms Linking Social Ties and Support to Physical and Mental Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145–161.
Tsioka, E., Zacharia, D., Soulis, S., Mantas, C., Petrikis, P., Koullourou, I., Hyphantis, T., & Kotsis, K. (2022). Posttraumatic growth: The role of perceptions, coping and depressive symptoms among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in Greece. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2022.2151693
Weitlauf, A. S., Vehorn, A. C., Taylor, J. L., & Warren, Z. E. (2014). Relationship satisfaction, parenting stress, and depression in mothers of children with autism. Autism, 18(2), 194–198. http://doi.org/10.1177/1362361312458039
Yesilkaya, M., & Magallón-Neri, E. (2024). Parental Stress Related to Caring for a Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Benefit of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Parental Stress: A Systematic Review. Sage Open, 14(2), 21582440241235033.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of personality assessment, 52(1), 30–41. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
Zovko, M., Šimleša, S., & Olujić Tomazin, M. (2024). Parenting stress, coping strategies and social support for mothers of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder in the Republic of Croatia. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29(2), 674–686. http://doi.org/10.1177/13591045231191802
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Russian Psychological Journal