Аннотация
Введение. Авторами рассматривается актуальность подхода к изучению коллективной памяти с позиций конструкционизма. При изучении коллективной памяти в данном исследовании научные задачи направлены на выявление событийного ряда, который конструирует групповые воспоминания, определяя то, что имеет для одной поколенческой группы современного общества большую значимость, чем для другой. Новизна исследования заключается в выявлении преобладающих ценностей каждой поколенческой группы и характеристике содержания коллективных воспоминаний о России ХХ века с учетом ведущих групповых ценностей.
Методы. В исследовании применяются методы количественного и качественного анализа: ассоциативная методика, методика для выявления ценностей Ш. Шварца, анкета для сравнения России XX века и идеальной России. Выборку исследования составили респонденты разного возраста из различных регионов России, всего 90 человек.
Результаты. Данный раздел включает описание содержания групповых воспоминаний о России ХХ века, групповой структуры преобладающих ценностей, результаты сравнения России ХХ века с идеальной Россией для трех возрастных групп. Содержание воспоминаний о России ХХ века и результаты сравнения России XX века и идеальной России отражают групповую поколенческую специфику: содержание представлено различными событиями; Россия представляется как страной, далекой от идеала, так и оценивается высоко. При исследовании групповых ценностей выявлено, что для каждой поколенческой группы характерна собственная структура.
Обсуждение результатов. Анализ воспоминаний о России ХХ века показал, что их содержание отражает групповую специфику отношения к прошлому. Полученные результаты подтвердили гипотезу о существовании групповых особенностей конструирования коллективных воспоминаний об историческом периоде, что дает возможность определять коллективную память как необходимое свойство социальной группы. В исследовании описан феномен «поколенческой сензитивности», проявляющийся в повышенной чувствительности (восприимчивости) к прошедшим и происходящим событиям представителей разных социальных поколенческих групп.
Библиографические ссылки
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Olik D. Figurations of memory: a process-relational methodology illustrated on the German case. Sotsiologicheskoe obozrenie – Sociological Review, 2012, V. 11, no. 1, pp. 40–74. (in Russian). Available at: https://sociologica.hse.ru/data/2012/06/05/1252356367/11_1_03.pdf (Accessed 14 August 2018).
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Ricoeur P. Memory, history, forgetting. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2004 (Russ. ed.: Riker P. Pamyat', istoriya, zabvenie. Moscow, Izdatel'stvo gumanitarnoi literatury Publ., 2004. 728 p.).
Assmann A. The new discontent with memorial culture (Russ. ed.: Assman A. Novoe nedovol'stvo memorial'noi kul'turoi. Moscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2016. 232 p.).
Middleton D., Brown S. D. Issues in the socio-cultural study of memory. In: The Cambridge handbook of sociocultural psychology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 661–677. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511611162.036
Hirst W., Manier D. Towards a psychology of collective memory. Memory, 2008, V. 16, Issue 3, pp. 183–200. DOI: 10.1080/09658210701811912
Repina L. P. Memory and historiography. In: Repina L. P. (ed.) Istoriya i pamyat': Istoricheskaya kul'tura Evropy do nachala Novogo vremeni [History and memory: Historical culture of Europe before the modern age]. Moscow, Krug" Publ., 2006, pp. 19–47.
Lubbe G. Historical identity. Voprosy filosofii, 1994, no. 4, pp. 108–113 (in Russian).
Emel'yanova T. P. Konstruirovanie sotsial'nykh predstavlenii v usloviyakh transformatsii rossiiskogo obshchestva [Constructing social representations in the conditions of transformation of Russian society]. Moscow, Institute of Psychology RAS Publ., 2006. 400 p.
Emel'yanova T. P. Konstruirovanie sotsial'nykh predstavlenii v usloviyakh transformatsii rossiiskogo obshchestva [Social representations: History, theory and empirical research]. Moscow, Institute of Psychology RAS Publ., 2016. 476 p.
Kuznetsova A. V. Collective memories of political power in various historical periods in representatives of different social groups of Russians. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya i obshchestvo – Social Psychology and Society, 2013, no. 3, pp. 102–115 (in Russian).
Petrenko E., Kozhevina E., Kaplun V. Russia: The end of the 20th century: Representations of our contemporaries. In: V. N. Yarskaya, E. R. Yarskaya-Smirnova (eds.) Vlast' vremeni: sotsial'nye granitsy pamyati [The power of time: Social boundaries of memory]. Moscow, Variant Publ., 2011, pp. 11–24. Available at: https://www.hse.ru/pubs/share/direct/document/69748208 (Accessed 14 August 2018).
Dontsov A. I., Goncharova V. A. The Holocaust as a phenomenon of social memory. Vek tolerantnosti: nauchno-publitsisticheskii vestnik – Age of Tolerance: Scientific-Publicistic Bulletin, 2005, no. 1–2, pp. 55–61 (in Russian).
Gorenshtein N. I. Perception of Holocaust events by modern day youth. Rossiiskii psikhologicheskii zhurnal – Russian Psychological Journal, 2016, V. 13, no. 1, pp. 191–199 (in Russian).
Evans-Campbell T. Historical trauma in American Indian/Native Alaska communities: A multilevel framework for exploring impacts on individuals, families, and communities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2008, V. 23, Issue 3, pp. 316–338. DOI: 10.1177/0886260507312290
Brown N. R., Lee P. J., Krslak М., Conrad F. G., Hansen T. G. B., Havelka J., Reddon J. R. Living in History. How war, terrorism, and natural disaster affect the organization of autobiographical memory. Рsychological Sciencе, 2009, V. 20, Issue 4, pp. 399–405. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02307.x
Peetz J., Gunn G. R., Wilson A. E. Crimes of the past: Defensive temporal distancing in the face of past in-group wrongdoing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2010, V. 36, Issue 5, pp. 598–611. DOI: 10.1177/0146167210364850
Rimé B., Bouchat P., Klein O., Licata L. When collective memories of victimhood fade: Generational evolution of intergroup attitudes and political aspirations in Belgium. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2015, V. 45, Issue 4, pp. 515–532. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2104
Gongaware T. B. Collective memories and collective identities. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 2003, V. 32, Issue 5, pp. 483–520. DOI: 10.1177/0891241603255674
Sahdra B., Ross M. Group identification and historical memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2007, V. 33, Issue 3, pp. 384–395. DOI: 10.1177/0146167206296103
Rotella K. N., Richeson J. A. Motivated to “forget”: The effects of in-group wrongdoing on memory and collective guilt. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2013, V. 4, Issue 6, pp. 730–737. DOI: 10.1177/1948550613482986
Halbwachs M. The social frameworks of memory (Russ. ed.: Khal'bvaks M. Sotsial'nye ramki pamyati. Moscow, Novoe izdatel'stvo Publ., 2007. 348 p.).
Weldon M. S., Bellinger K. D. Collective memory: Collaborative and individual processes in remembering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1997, V. 23 (5), pp. 1160–1175. DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.23.5.1160
Janssen S. M. J., Murre J. M. J. Reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory: Unexplained by novelty, emotionality, valence, or importance of personal events. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2008, V. 61, Issue 12, pp. 1847–1860. DOI: 10.1080/17470210701774242
Nurkova V. V. History as personal experience. Istoricheskaya psikhologiya i sotsiologiya istorii – Historical Psychology & Sociology, 2009, V. 2, no. 1, pp. 5–27 (in Russian).
Halbwachs M. Collective and historical memory. Neprikosnovennyi zapas, 2005, V. 40–41, no. 2–3 (in Russian). Available at: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/ha2.html (Accessed 14 August 2018).
Brown N. R., Lee P. J. Public events and the organization of autobiographical memory: An overview of the living-in-history project. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 2010, V. 2, Issue 2, pp. 133–149. DOI: 10.1080/19434471003597431
Svob С., Brown N. R. Intergenerational transmission of the reminiscence bump and biographical conflict knowledge. Psychological Science, 2012, V. 23, Issue 11, pp. 1404–1409. DOI: 10.1177/0956797612445316
Emelyanova T. P., Pattison A. S. Peculiarities of social representations of Russians in Czechs and Americans. Psychological Studies, 2010, no. 5 (13) (in Russian). Available at: http://psystudy.ru/num/2010n5-13/379-emelyanova-pattison13 (Accessed 14 August 2018).
Malysheva N. G., Stefanenko T. G., Tikhomandritskaya O. A. Image of Russia in the multipolar world: Cross-cultural analysis. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya – Moscow University Psychology Bulletin. Series 14. Psychology, 2012, no. 1, pp. 61–73 (in Russian).
Martsinkovskaya T. D. (ed.) Vozrastnaya psikhologiya [Age psychology]. Moscow, Akademiya Publ., 2014. 336 p.
Pishchik V. I. Generations: Socio-psychological analysis of mentality. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya i obshchestvo – Social Psychology and Society, 2011, no. 2, pp. 80–88 (in Russian).
Shestopal E. B. Political socialization and resocialization in modern Russia. Politiya: Analiz. Khronika. Prognoz – Polity: Analysis. Chronicle. Forecast, 2005, no. 4 (in Russian) Available at: http://politeia.ru/content/arhiv-zhurnala/4-2005/ (Accessed 14 August 2018).
Trubina E. Learning to remember: Vectors of memory studies. In: V. N. Yarskaya, E. R. Yarskaya-Smirnova (eds.) Vlast' vremeni: sotsial'nye granitsy pamyati [The power of time: Social boundaries of memory]. Moscow, Variant Publ., 2011, pp. 25–44. Available at: https://www.hse.ru/pubs/share/direct/document/69748208 (Accessed 14 August 2018).
Nora P. Places of memory. In: Frantsiya-pamyat' [France–Memory]. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg University Publ., 1999, pp. 17–50.
Savel'eva I. M., Poletaev A. V. Historical memory: On the boundaries of the concept. In: Fenomen proshlogo [Phenomenon of the past]. Moscow, Higher School of Economics Publ., 2005, pp. 170–220.
Zerubavel E. Dynamics of collective memory. In: Imperiya i natsiya v zerkale istoricheskoi pamyati: sbornik statei [Empire and nation in the mirror of historical memory]. Moscow, Novoe izdatel'stvo Publ., 2011, pp. 10–29.
Olik D. Figurations of memory: a process-relational methodology illustrated on the German case. Sotsiologicheskoe obozrenie – Sociological Review, 2012, V. 11, no. 1, pp. 40–74. (in Russian). Available at: https://sociologica.hse.ru/data/2012/06/05/1252356367/11_1_03.pdf (Accessed 14 August 2018).
Yarskaya V. Time inversion as a mechanism of memory in the context of culture. In: V. N. Yarskaya, E. R. Yarskaya-Smirnova (eds.) Vlast' vremeni: sotsial'nye granitsy pamyati [The power of time: Social boundaries of memory]. Moscow, Variant Publ., 2011, pp. 11–24. Available at: https://www.hse.ru/pubs/share/direct/document/69748208 (Accessed 14 August 2018).
Assman J. Cultural memory and early civilization: Writing, remembrance, and political imagination. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011. 332 p. (Russ. ed.: Assman Ya. Kul'turnaya pamyat'. Pis'mo, pamyat' o proshlom i politicheskaya identichnost' v vysokikh kul'turakh drevnosti. Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskoi kul'tury Publ., 2004. 368 p.).
Ricoeur P. Memory, history, forgetting. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2004 (Russ. ed.: Riker P. Pamyat', istoriya, zabvenie. Moscow, Izdatel'stvo gumanitarnoi literatury Publ., 2004. 728 p.).
Assmann A. The new discontent with memorial culture (Russ. ed.: Assman A. Novoe nedovol'stvo memorial'noi kul'turoi. Moscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2016. 232 p.).
Middleton D., Brown S. D. Issues in the socio-cultural study of memory. In: The Cambridge handbook of sociocultural psychology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 661–677. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511611162.036
Hirst W., Manier D. Towards a psychology of collective memory. Memory, 2008, V. 16, Issue 3, pp. 183–200. DOI: 10.1080/09658210701811912
Repina L. P. Memory and historiography. In: Repina L. P. (ed.) Istoriya i pamyat': Istoricheskaya kul'tura Evropy do nachala Novogo vremeni [History and memory: Historical culture of Europe before the modern age]. Moscow, Krug" Publ., 2006, pp. 19–47.
Lubbe G. Historical identity. Voprosy filosofii, 1994, no. 4, pp. 108–113 (in Russian).
Emel'yanova T. P. Konstruirovanie sotsial'nykh predstavlenii v usloviyakh transformatsii rossiiskogo obshchestva [Constructing social representations in the conditions of transformation of Russian society]. Moscow, Institute of Psychology RAS Publ., 2006. 400 p.
Emel'yanova T. P. Konstruirovanie sotsial'nykh predstavlenii v usloviyakh transformatsii rossiiskogo obshchestva [Social representations: History, theory and empirical research]. Moscow, Institute of Psychology RAS Publ., 2016. 476 p.
Kuznetsova A. V. Collective memories of political power in various historical periods in representatives of different social groups of Russians. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya i obshchestvo – Social Psychology and Society, 2013, no. 3, pp. 102–115 (in Russian).
Petrenko E., Kozhevina E., Kaplun V. Russia: The end of the 20th century: Representations of our contemporaries. In: V. N. Yarskaya, E. R. Yarskaya-Smirnova (eds.) Vlast' vremeni: sotsial'nye granitsy pamyati [The power of time: Social boundaries of memory]. Moscow, Variant Publ., 2011, pp. 11–24. Available at: https://www.hse.ru/pubs/share/direct/document/69748208 (Accessed 14 August 2018).
Dontsov A. I., Goncharova V. A. The Holocaust as a phenomenon of social memory. Vek tolerantnosti: nauchno-publitsisticheskii vestnik – Age of Tolerance: Scientific-Publicistic Bulletin, 2005, no. 1–2, pp. 55–61 (in Russian).
Gorenshtein N. I. Perception of Holocaust events by modern day youth. Rossiiskii psikhologicheskii zhurnal – Russian Psychological Journal, 2016, V. 13, no. 1, pp. 191–199 (in Russian).
Evans-Campbell T. Historical trauma in American Indian/Native Alaska communities: A multilevel framework for exploring impacts on individuals, families, and communities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2008, V. 23, Issue 3, pp. 316–338. DOI: 10.1177/0886260507312290
Brown N. R., Lee P. J., Krslak М., Conrad F. G., Hansen T. G. B., Havelka J., Reddon J. R. Living in History. How war, terrorism, and natural disaster affect the organization of autobiographical memory. Рsychological Sciencе, 2009, V. 20, Issue 4, pp. 399–405. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02307.x
Peetz J., Gunn G. R., Wilson A. E. Crimes of the past: Defensive temporal distancing in the face of past in-group wrongdoing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2010, V. 36, Issue 5, pp. 598–611. DOI: 10.1177/0146167210364850
Rimé B., Bouchat P., Klein O., Licata L. When collective memories of victimhood fade: Generational evolution of intergroup attitudes and political aspirations in Belgium. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2015, V. 45, Issue 4, pp. 515–532. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2104
Gongaware T. B. Collective memories and collective identities. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 2003, V. 32, Issue 5, pp. 483–520. DOI: 10.1177/0891241603255674
Sahdra B., Ross M. Group identification and historical memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2007, V. 33, Issue 3, pp. 384–395. DOI: 10.1177/0146167206296103
Rotella K. N., Richeson J. A. Motivated to “forget”: The effects of in-group wrongdoing on memory and collective guilt. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2013, V. 4, Issue 6, pp. 730–737. DOI: 10.1177/1948550613482986
Halbwachs M. The social frameworks of memory (Russ. ed.: Khal'bvaks M. Sotsial'nye ramki pamyati. Moscow, Novoe izdatel'stvo Publ., 2007. 348 p.).
Weldon M. S., Bellinger K. D. Collective memory: Collaborative and individual processes in remembering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1997, V. 23 (5), pp. 1160–1175. DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.23.5.1160
Janssen S. M. J., Murre J. M. J. Reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory: Unexplained by novelty, emotionality, valence, or importance of personal events. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2008, V. 61, Issue 12, pp. 1847–1860. DOI: 10.1080/17470210701774242
Nurkova V. V. History as personal experience. Istoricheskaya psikhologiya i sotsiologiya istorii – Historical Psychology & Sociology, 2009, V. 2, no. 1, pp. 5–27 (in Russian).
Halbwachs M. Collective and historical memory. Neprikosnovennyi zapas, 2005, V. 40–41, no. 2–3 (in Russian). Available at: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/ha2.html (Accessed 14 August 2018).
Brown N. R., Lee P. J. Public events and the organization of autobiographical memory: An overview of the living-in-history project. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 2010, V. 2, Issue 2, pp. 133–149. DOI: 10.1080/19434471003597431
Svob С., Brown N. R. Intergenerational transmission of the reminiscence bump and biographical conflict knowledge. Psychological Science, 2012, V. 23, Issue 11, pp. 1404–1409. DOI: 10.1177/0956797612445316
Emelyanova T. P., Pattison A. S. Peculiarities of social representations of Russians in Czechs and Americans. Psychological Studies, 2010, no. 5 (13) (in Russian). Available at: http://psystudy.ru/num/2010n5-13/379-emelyanova-pattison13 (Accessed 14 August 2018).
Malysheva N. G., Stefanenko T. G., Tikhomandritskaya O. A. Image of Russia in the multipolar world: Cross-cultural analysis. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya – Moscow University Psychology Bulletin. Series 14. Psychology, 2012, no. 1, pp. 61–73 (in Russian).
Martsinkovskaya T. D. (ed.) Vozrastnaya psikhologiya [Age psychology]. Moscow, Akademiya Publ., 2014. 336 p.
Pishchik V. I. Generations: Socio-psychological analysis of mentality. Sotsial’naya psikhologiya i obshchestvo – Social Psychology and Society, 2011, no. 2, pp. 80–88 (in Russian).
Shestopal E. B. Political socialization and resocialization in modern Russia. Politiya: Analiz. Khronika. Prognoz – Polity: Analysis. Chronicle. Forecast, 2005, no. 4 (in Russian) Available at: http://politeia.ru/content/arhiv-zhurnala/4-2005/ (Accessed 14 August 2018).