Аннотация
Статья посвящена изучению особенностей религиозности сотрудников противопожарной службы МЧС. В ходе анализа феномена религиозности личности в психологии констатируются отсутствие его комплексного рассмотрения и неразработанность методического инструментария для его изучения. Обосновывается необходимость изучения духовно-нравственных ориентиров россиян в условиях глобальных цивилизационных вызовов. Разведены атеистическая, христианская (православная) и нехристианская традиции изучения феноменов веры, религиозности и духовности личности; раскрыто психологическое содержание понятий «вера» и «религиозность»; рассмотрены типологии религиозности личности.
В исследовании приняли участие 62 сотрудника федеральной противопожарной службы МЧС России по Ростовской области (мужчины) в возрасте от 21 года до 52 лет со стажем работы от 1 года до 25 лет. В работе использованы методы психологического тестирования (тест-опросник уровня религиозности (ТОР) Ю. В. Щербатых, опросник «Инспирит» («Index of core spiritual experiences») Дж. Касса в адаптации Д. Л. Спивака) и математической статистики (корреляционный анализ по критерию Спирмена, непараметрический анализ по критерию Фридмана, T-критерий Вилкоксона).
На основе эмпирического исследования сделан вывод о доминировании в структуре индивидуальной религиозности пожарных трех компонентов, обусловленных особенностями их профессиональной деятельности: 1) отношения к религии как к философской концепции, позволяющей осмыслить происходящее в жизни во всей ее противоречивости, а зачастую и трагичности; 2) склонности рассматривать религию как источник поддержки и утешения в условиях, которые невозможно полностью контролировать даже высокопрофессиональными действиями; 3) стремления соблюдать внешние атрибуты религиозной жизни как проявления внутренней дисциплинированности и навыка следовать четким правилам и распоряжениям. Показано, что в религиозном опыте пожарных доминируют переживания, убедившие их в существовании Бога и усиливающие чувство нахождения Бога внутри человека. Подчеркивается практическая востребованность результатов исследования религиозности как ресурса стрессоустойчивости представителей профессий экстремального профиля.
Библиографические ссылки
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Gomonova E. N., Denisova E. G., Prokop'eva E. V. Teoreticheskii analiz osnovnykh podkhodov k ponimaniyu fenomena ubezhdenii lichnosti [Theoretical analysis of the main approaches to understanding the phenomenon of beliefs of the person]. Sbornik materialov 2-i mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Sovremennye problemy i perspektivy razvitiya pedagogiki i psikhologii” [Proc. the Second Iternational Scientific-Practical Conference “Modern problems and prospects of the development of pedagogy and psychology]. Makhachkala, Aprobatsiya Publ., 2013, pp. 88–94.
Granovskaya R. M. Psikhologiya very [The psychology of faith]. St. Petersburg, Rech' Publ., 2004. 576 p.
Grof S. The adventure of self-discovery (Russ. ed.: Puteshestvie v poiskakh sebya. Moscow, Transpersonal Institute Publ., 2008. 156 p.).
Darvish O. B. Psychological features of stress tolerance of the person in extreme situations. Journal of Psychological Science and Education, 2012, no. 1. Available at: http://psyedu.ru/files/articles/psyedu_ru_2012_1_2651.pdf
Dvoinin A. M. Psikhologiya veruyushchego: Tsennostno-smyslovye orientatsii i religioznaya vera lichnosti [The psychology of the believer: Sense-value guidelines and religious faith of the person]. St. Petersburg, Rech' Publ., 2011. 224 p.
Dvoinin A. M., Danilova G. I. Vera kak psikhologicheskaya osnova religioznosti sovremennoi pravoslavnoi molodezhi [Faith as a psychological basis of religiousness of modern Orthodox young people]. Aktual'nye problemy gumanitarnykh i estestvennykh nauk – Actual Problems of the Humanities and Natural Sciences, 2013, no. 10–2, pp. 282–288.
James W. The varieties of religious experience (Russ. ed.: Dzhems U. Mnogoobrazie religioznogo opyta. Moscow, KomKniga Publ., 2010. 416 p.).
Zimenko A. V. Metodika rascheta religioznosti: Znacheniya pokazatelya religioznosti vzroslykh zhitelei Chelyabinskoi oblasti [The technique of calculation of religiousness: scores of the index of religiosity in adult residents of the Chelyabinsk region]. Sbornik nauchnykh statei 2-i Mezhdunarodnoi molodezhnoi nauchnoi konferentsii [Proc. the 2nd International Youth Scientific Conference]. Kursk, Universitetskaya kniga Publ., 2014, pp. 42–48.
Zinchenko E. V. Professional'naya deformatsiya sotrudnikov MChS v svyazi s ikh zhiznestoikost'yu i sklonnost'yu k risku [Professional deformation in EMERCOM workers in connection with their viability and risk inclination]. Materialy IVMezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Lichnostnyi resurs sub"ekta truda v izmenyayushcheisya Rossii” [Proceedings of the Forth International Scientific-Practical Conference “Personal resource of the labor subject in changing Russia]. Stavropol, 2015, pp. 100–104.
Zinchenko E. V. Fenomen sublimatsii v svete sovremennykh predstavlenii o prichinakh vozniknoveniya stressa [The phenomenon of sublimation in the light of modern ideas about the causes of stress]. Severo-Kavkazskii psikhologicheskii vestnik – North-Caucasian Psychological Bulletin, 2015, no. 13/4, pp. 91–93.
Kobylyanskaya L. I. Psikhologicheskie determinanty vybora strategii povedeniya v trudnykh zhiznennykh situatsiyakh. Diss. dokt. psikh. nauk[Psychological determinants of the choice of behavior strategies in difficult life situations. Dr. psych. sci. diss]. Kishinev, Kishinev State Pedagogical University Publ., 2007. 237 p.
Kryukova T. P. Metody izucheniya sovladayushchego povedeniya: tri koping-shkaly [Methods of studying coping behavior: three coping scales]. Kostroma, Avantitul Publ., 2007. 60 p.
Monina G. B., Rannala N. V. Trening «Resursy stressoustoichivosti» [The “resources of resistance to stress” training]. St. Petersburg, Piter Publ., 2009. 250 p.
Myagkov I. F., Shcherbatykh Yu. V., Kravtsova M. S. Psikhologicheskii analiz urovnya individual'noi religioznosti [The psychological analysis of the level of individual religiousness]. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal – Psychological Journal, 1996, V. 17, no. 6, pp. 119–122.
Allport G. W. The nature of personality: selected papers (Russ. ed.: Olport G. V. Stanovlenie lichnosti: izbrannye trudy. Moscow, Smysl Publ., 2002. 464 p.).
Shoigu Yu. S. Psikhologiya ekstremal'nykh situatsii dlya spasatelei i pozharnykh [The psychology of extreme situations for rescuers and firemen]. Moscow, Smysl Publ., 2007. 319 p.
Rasskazova E. I., Gordeeva T. O., Osin E. N. Koping-strategii v strukture deyatel'nosti i samoregulyatsii: psikhometricheskie kharakteristiki i vozmozhnosti primeneniya metodiki COPE [Coping strategies in the structure of activity and self-regulation: psychometric features and possibilities of the use of the COPE technique]. Psikhologiya. Zhurnal Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki – Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 2013, V. 10, no. 1, pp. 82–118.
Samoilova I. G. Religioznyi opyt lichnosti: sotsial'no-psikhologicheskie issledovaniya [The religious experience of the person: social-psychological research]. Vestnik Kostromskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N. A. Nekrasova. Seriya: Pedagogika. Psikhologiya. Sotsial'naya rabota. Yuvenologiya. Sotsiokinetika – Nekrasov Kostroma State University Bulletin. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Social Work. Juvenology. Sociokinetics, 2013, V. 19, no. 3, pp. 55–59.
Spivak D. L., Zakharchuk A. G., Pavlov A. E., Spivak I. M. Religiozno-psikhologicheskie aspekty stareniya: novye dannye [Religious and psychological aspects of aging: new data]. Religiovedenie – Religious Studies, 2007, no. 4, pp. 104–110.
Shekhovtsova L. F., Zen'ko Yu. M. Elementy pravoslavnoi psikhologii [Elements of Orthodox psychology]. Moscow, Moscow Town Residence of the Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra, 2012. 252 p.
Shpranger E. Osnovnye ideal'nye tipy individual'nosti: Psikhologiya lichnosti [Basic ideal types of individuality: Personality psychology]. Moscow, 1982, pp. 55–60.
Arterburn S., Felton J. Toxic faith: Experiencing healing from painful spiritual abuse. Colorado Springs, Water Book Press, 2004. 269 p.
DeNeve K. M. & Cooper H. The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being.Psychological Bulletin, 1998, no. 124, pp. 197–229.
Emmons R. E., Cheung C. & Tehrani K. Assessing spirituality through personal goals: Implications for research on religion and subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 1998, no. 45, pp. 391–422.
King L. A. & Napa C. K. What makes a life good?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998, no. 75, pp. 156–165.
Koenig H. G., McCullough M. E. & Larson D. B. Handbook of religion and mental health. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001. 712 p.
Maslow A. H. Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences. N. Y., Viking, 1970. 123 p.
Poloma M. M. & Pendleton B. F. Religious domains and general well-being.Social Indicators Research, 1990, no. 22, pp. 255–276.
Wuiff D. M. Mystical experiences.Varieties of anomalous experience examining the scientific evidence. Ed. E. Cardena, S. J. Linn, S. Krippner. Washington, 2014, pp. 370–476.
Zinchenko E., Belova E. Coping behavior strategies of Russian urban students due to their social and personal frustration state.Full papers E-Book of 6th World Congress on Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (Management, Psychology, Political and Social Science) (WCPBS 2016). Barcelona, 2016, pp. 184–186.
Afanasenko I. V. Spetsifika individual'noi religioznosti i vyrazhennosti samoaktualizatsii u predstavitelei razlichnykh konfessii (na primere pravoslavnykh khristian i iudaistov) [The specificity of individual religiosity and the level of self-actualization in representatives of various confessions (on the example of Orthodox Christians and Judaists)]. Severo-Kavkazskii psikhologicheskii vestnik – North-Caucasian Psychological Bulletin, 2014, no. 12/1, pp. 10–13.
Afanasenko I. V., Spivak D. L. Religiozno-psikhologicheskie ustanovki molodezhi: gendernyi aspekt (na primere musul'man) [Religious-psychological attitudes of young people: gender aspect (on the example of Muslims)]. Sbornik materialov vtoroi mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii “Psikhotekhniki i izmenennye sostoyaniya soznaniya” [Proc. the Second Scientific Conference “Psycho-techniques and altered states of consciousness”]. St. Petersburg, Russian Christian Academy for Humanities Publ., 2015, pp. 244–253.
Belova E. V. Osobennosti predstavlenii psikhologov o smysle zhizni [Features of psychologists’ representations of the meaning of life]. Materialy Vserossiiskoi psikhologicheskoi konferentsii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem “Kategoriya smysla v filosofii, psikhologii, psikhoterapii i v obshchestvennoi zhizni” [Proc. the All-Russian Conference with International Participation “The category of sense in philosophy, psychology, psychotherapy, and social life”]. Moscow, KREDO Publ., 2014, pp. 18–19.
Bibliya. Knigi Svyashchennogo pisaniya Vetkhogo i Novogo zaveta [The Bible. The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament]. Moscow, the Moscow Patriarchate Publ., 1988. 1376 p.
Bogatova O. A. Sekulyarnaya religioznost' v Rossii: samoidentifikatsiya i sotsial'nye ustanovki veruyushchikh (na primere respubliki Mordoviya) [Secular religiosity in Russia: self-identification and social attitudes of believers (on the example of the Republic of Mordovia)]. Vestnik Mordovskogo universiteta – Mordovia University Bulletin, 2014, no. 3, pp. 153–158.
Gomonova E. N., Denisova E. G., Prokop'eva E. V. Teoreticheskii analiz osnovnykh podkhodov k ponimaniyu fenomena ubezhdenii lichnosti [Theoretical analysis of the main approaches to understanding the phenomenon of beliefs of the person]. Sbornik materialov 2-i mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Sovremennye problemy i perspektivy razvitiya pedagogiki i psikhologii” [Proc. the Second Iternational Scientific-Practical Conference “Modern problems and prospects of the development of pedagogy and psychology]. Makhachkala, Aprobatsiya Publ., 2013, pp. 88–94.
Granovskaya R. M. Psikhologiya very [The psychology of faith]. St. Petersburg, Rech' Publ., 2004. 576 p.
Grof S. The adventure of self-discovery (Russ. ed.: Puteshestvie v poiskakh sebya. Moscow, Transpersonal Institute Publ., 2008. 156 p.).
Darvish O. B. Psychological features of stress tolerance of the person in extreme situations. Journal of Psychological Science and Education, 2012, no. 1. Available at: http://psyedu.ru/files/articles/psyedu_ru_2012_1_2651.pdf
Dvoinin A. M. Psikhologiya veruyushchego: Tsennostno-smyslovye orientatsii i religioznaya vera lichnosti [The psychology of the believer: Sense-value guidelines and religious faith of the person]. St. Petersburg, Rech' Publ., 2011. 224 p.
Dvoinin A. M., Danilova G. I. Vera kak psikhologicheskaya osnova religioznosti sovremennoi pravoslavnoi molodezhi [Faith as a psychological basis of religiousness of modern Orthodox young people]. Aktual'nye problemy gumanitarnykh i estestvennykh nauk – Actual Problems of the Humanities and Natural Sciences, 2013, no. 10–2, pp. 282–288.
James W. The varieties of religious experience (Russ. ed.: Dzhems U. Mnogoobrazie religioznogo opyta. Moscow, KomKniga Publ., 2010. 416 p.).
Zimenko A. V. Metodika rascheta religioznosti: Znacheniya pokazatelya religioznosti vzroslykh zhitelei Chelyabinskoi oblasti [The technique of calculation of religiousness: scores of the index of religiosity in adult residents of the Chelyabinsk region]. Sbornik nauchnykh statei 2-i Mezhdunarodnoi molodezhnoi nauchnoi konferentsii [Proc. the 2nd International Youth Scientific Conference]. Kursk, Universitetskaya kniga Publ., 2014, pp. 42–48.
Zinchenko E. V. Professional'naya deformatsiya sotrudnikov MChS v svyazi s ikh zhiznestoikost'yu i sklonnost'yu k risku [Professional deformation in EMERCOM workers in connection with their viability and risk inclination]. Materialy IVMezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Lichnostnyi resurs sub"ekta truda v izmenyayushcheisya Rossii” [Proceedings of the Forth International Scientific-Practical Conference “Personal resource of the labor subject in changing Russia]. Stavropol, 2015, pp. 100–104.
Zinchenko E. V. Fenomen sublimatsii v svete sovremennykh predstavlenii o prichinakh vozniknoveniya stressa [The phenomenon of sublimation in the light of modern ideas about the causes of stress]. Severo-Kavkazskii psikhologicheskii vestnik – North-Caucasian Psychological Bulletin, 2015, no. 13/4, pp. 91–93.
Kobylyanskaya L. I. Psikhologicheskie determinanty vybora strategii povedeniya v trudnykh zhiznennykh situatsiyakh. Diss. dokt. psikh. nauk[Psychological determinants of the choice of behavior strategies in difficult life situations. Dr. psych. sci. diss]. Kishinev, Kishinev State Pedagogical University Publ., 2007. 237 p.
Kryukova T. P. Metody izucheniya sovladayushchego povedeniya: tri koping-shkaly [Methods of studying coping behavior: three coping scales]. Kostroma, Avantitul Publ., 2007. 60 p.
Monina G. B., Rannala N. V. Trening «Resursy stressoustoichivosti» [The “resources of resistance to stress” training]. St. Petersburg, Piter Publ., 2009. 250 p.
Myagkov I. F., Shcherbatykh Yu. V., Kravtsova M. S. Psikhologicheskii analiz urovnya individual'noi religioznosti [The psychological analysis of the level of individual religiousness]. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal – Psychological Journal, 1996, V. 17, no. 6, pp. 119–122.
Allport G. W. The nature of personality: selected papers (Russ. ed.: Olport G. V. Stanovlenie lichnosti: izbrannye trudy. Moscow, Smysl Publ., 2002. 464 p.).
Shoigu Yu. S. Psikhologiya ekstremal'nykh situatsii dlya spasatelei i pozharnykh [The psychology of extreme situations for rescuers and firemen]. Moscow, Smysl Publ., 2007. 319 p.
Rasskazova E. I., Gordeeva T. O., Osin E. N. Koping-strategii v strukture deyatel'nosti i samoregulyatsii: psikhometricheskie kharakteristiki i vozmozhnosti primeneniya metodiki COPE [Coping strategies in the structure of activity and self-regulation: psychometric features and possibilities of the use of the COPE technique]. Psikhologiya. Zhurnal Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki – Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 2013, V. 10, no. 1, pp. 82–118.
Samoilova I. G. Religioznyi opyt lichnosti: sotsial'no-psikhologicheskie issledovaniya [The religious experience of the person: social-psychological research]. Vestnik Kostromskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N. A. Nekrasova. Seriya: Pedagogika. Psikhologiya. Sotsial'naya rabota. Yuvenologiya. Sotsiokinetika – Nekrasov Kostroma State University Bulletin. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Social Work. Juvenology. Sociokinetics, 2013, V. 19, no. 3, pp. 55–59.
Spivak D. L., Zakharchuk A. G., Pavlov A. E., Spivak I. M. Religiozno-psikhologicheskie aspekty stareniya: novye dannye [Religious and psychological aspects of aging: new data]. Religiovedenie – Religious Studies, 2007, no. 4, pp. 104–110.
Shekhovtsova L. F., Zen'ko Yu. M. Elementy pravoslavnoi psikhologii [Elements of Orthodox psychology]. Moscow, Moscow Town Residence of the Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra, 2012. 252 p.
Shpranger E. Osnovnye ideal'nye tipy individual'nosti: Psikhologiya lichnosti [Basic ideal types of individuality: Personality psychology]. Moscow, 1982, pp. 55–60.
Arterburn S., Felton J. Toxic faith: Experiencing healing from painful spiritual abuse. Colorado Springs, Water Book Press, 2004. 269 p.
DeNeve K. M. & Cooper H. The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being.Psychological Bulletin, 1998, no. 124, pp. 197–229.
Emmons R. E., Cheung C. & Tehrani K. Assessing spirituality through personal goals: Implications for research on religion and subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 1998, no. 45, pp. 391–422.
King L. A. & Napa C. K. What makes a life good?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998, no. 75, pp. 156–165.
Koenig H. G., McCullough M. E. & Larson D. B. Handbook of religion and mental health. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001. 712 p.
Maslow A. H. Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences. N. Y., Viking, 1970. 123 p.
Poloma M. M. & Pendleton B. F. Religious domains and general well-being.Social Indicators Research, 1990, no. 22, pp. 255–276.
Wuiff D. M. Mystical experiences.Varieties of anomalous experience examining the scientific evidence. Ed. E. Cardena, S. J. Linn, S. Krippner. Washington, 2014, pp. 370–476.
Zinchenko E., Belova E. Coping behavior strategies of Russian urban students due to their social and personal frustration state.Full papers E-Book of 6th World Congress on Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (Management, Psychology, Political and Social Science) (WCPBS 2016). Barcelona, 2016, pp. 184–186.