Abstract
Introduction. This paper aims to give a comprehensive account of differences in the development of cognitive and sensorimotor functions in premature and full-term infants. Prematurity is an important risk factor for neurological and psychomotor disorders, as well as for impaired cognitive development. This study represents a first attempt to conduct a comprehensive assessment using modern instrumental and behavioral methods in a longitudinal perspective.
Methods. The experimental sample was comprised of 42 premature infants (32.4 ± 2.1 weeks of gestation). The control group consisted of 60 full-term infants with typical development and absence of diseases of the central nervous system. The longitudinal study was conducted at 5, 10, 14, and 24 months of age. The participants’ eye movements were recorded with the SMI RED 500 eye-tracking system. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Third Edition (BSID III) were used to assess cognitive development, receptive and expressive communication skills, as well as gross and fine motor skills.
Results. Compared to the control group premature infants showed significantly lower results by the Bayley cognitive and communicative sub-scales at 5 and 10 months of age, as well as a lag in motor development at 14 and 24 months of age. In addition, the experimental group demonstrated a decrease in the stability and speed of visual attention switching and a lower result in visual search of a simple non-social stimulus at 14 months of age. No significant intergroup differences were found in the perception of social stimuli and the development of joint attention.
Discussion. Prematurity selectively influences the development of neurocognitive functions. The outcomes of prematurity partially disappear by the end of the second year of life.
References
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Blencowe, H., Cousens, S., Oestergaard, M. Z., Chou, D., Moller, A.-B., Narwal, R., … Lawn, J. E. (2012). National, regional and worldwide estimates of preterm birthrates in the year 2010 with time tends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. The Lancet, 379(9832), 2162–2172. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60820-4
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Imafuku, M., Kawai, M., Niwa, F., Shinya, Y., Inagawa, M., & Myowa‐Yamakoshi, M. (2017). Preference for dynamic human images and gaze-following abilities in preterm infants at 6 and 12 months of age: An eye-tracking study. Infancy, 22(2), 223–239. doi: 10.1111/infa.12144
Ionio, C., Riboni, E., Confalonieri, E., Dallatomasina, C., Mascheroni, E., Bonanomi, A., … Comi, G. (2016). Paths of cognitive and language development in healthy preterm infants. Infant Behavior & Development, 44, 199–207. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.07.004
Kaul, Y. F., Rosander, K., Grönqvist, H., Brodd, K. S., Hellström-Westas, L., & von Hofsten, C. (2019). Reaching skills of infants born very preterm predict neurodevelopment at 2.5 years. Infant Behavior and Development, 57, 101333. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101333
Konishi, Yukihiko, Okubo, K., Kato, I., Ijichi, S., Nishida T., Kusaka T., … Konishi Yukuo. (2012). A developmental change of the visual behavior of the face recognition in the early infancy. Brain & Development, 34, 719–722. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2012.01.004
Lebedeva, O. V., Nevryuzina, G. O., & Frolova, O. V. (2011). Features of the development and state of health in the first year of life of deeply premature infants. Medical Sciences. Health Organization, 4(2), 102–108. (in Russ.).
Namazova-Baranova, L. S. et al. (2016). Features of somatic pathology in children with low, very low, and extremely low body weight at birth in various age periods of life. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine, 15(4), 140–149. (in Russ.).
Navab, A., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Johnson, S. P., Sigman, M., & Hutman, T. (2012). Eye-tracking as a measure of responsiveness to joint attention in infants at risk for autism. Infancy, 17(4), 416–431. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00082.x
Oudgenoeg-Paz, O., Mulder, H., Jongmans, M. J., van der Ham, I. J. M., & Van der Stigchel, S. (2017). The link between motor and cognitive development in children born preterm and/or with low birth weight: A review of current evidence. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 382–393. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.009
Peña, M., Arias, D., & Dehaene-Lambertz, G. (2014). Gaze following is accelerated in healthy preterm infants. Psychological Science, 25(10), 1884–1892. doi: 10.1177/0956797614544307
Perez-Roche, T., Altemir, I., Giménez, G., Prieto, E., González, I., López Pisón, J., Pueyo, V. (2017). Face recognition impairment in small for gestational age and preterm children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 62, 166–173. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.01.016
Peyton, C., Schreiber, M., & Msall, M. (2018). The Test of Infant Motor Performance at 3 months predicts language, cognitive, and motor outcomes in infants born preterm at 2 years of age. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 60(12), 1239–1243. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.13736
Ross-Sheehy, S., Perone, S., Macek, K., & Eschman, B. (2017). Visual orienting and attention deficits in 5- and 10-month-old preterm infants. Infant Behavior & Development, 46, 80–90. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.12.004
Safina, A. I., Volyanyuk, E. V., Potapova, M. V., & Fisheleva, T. S. (2018). Health status of children born prematurely: According to the Kazan Municipal Center for Catamnesis. Russian Journal of Perinatology and Pediatrics, 63(5), 192–196. (in Russ.). doi: 10.21508 / 1027-4065-2018-63-5-192-196
Senju, A., & Csibra, G. (2008). Gaze following in human infants depends on communicative signals. Current Biology, 18, 668–671. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.059
Telford, E. J., Fletcher‐Watson, S., Gillespie‐Smith, K., Pataky, R., Sparrow, S., Murray, I. C., … Boardman, J. P. (2016). Preterm birth is associated with atypical social orienting in infancy detected using eye tracking. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 11–18. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12546
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., & Lizkowski, U. (2007). A new look at infant pointing. Child Development, 78(3), 705–722. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01025.x
Torras-Mañá, M., Guillamón-Valenzuela, M., Ramírez-Mallafré, A., Brun-Gasca, C., & Fornieles-Deu, A. (2014). Usefulness of the Bayley scales of infant and toddler development, third edition, in the early diagnosis of language disorder. Psicothema, 26(3), 349–356. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2014.29
Van Hecke, A. V., Mundy, P. C., Acra, C. F., Block, J. J., Delgado, C. E. F., Parlade, M. V., … Pomares, Y. B. (2007). Infant joint attention, temperament, and social competence in preschool children. Child Development, 78(1), 53–69. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00985.x
Vandormael, C., Schoenhals, L., Hüppi, P. S., Filippa, M., & Tolsa, C. B. (2019). Language in preterm born children: Atypical development and effects of early interventions on neuroplasticity. Neural Plasticity. Article ID 6873270. doi: 10.1155/2019/6873270
Velikos, K., Soubasi, V., Michalettou, I., Sarafidis, K., Nakas, C., Papadopoulou, V., … Drossou, V. (2015). Bayley-III scales at 12 months of corrected age in preterm infants: Patterns of developmental performance and correlations to environmental and biological influences. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 45, 110–119. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.07.014
Weijer-Bergsma, E., Wijnroks, L., & Jongmans, M. J. (2008). Attention development in infants and preschool children born preterm: A review. Infant Behavior & Development, 31, 333–351. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.12.003
Williamson, K. E., & Jakobson, L. S. (2014). Social perception in children born at very low birthweight and its relationship with social/behavioral outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(9), 990–998. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12210
Yaari, M., Mankuta, D., Harel-Gadassi, A., Friedlander, E., Bar-Oz, B., Eventov-Friedman, S., … Yirmiya, N. (2018). Early developmental trajectories of preterm infants. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 81, 12–23. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.018
You, J., Shamsi, B. H., Hao, M.-C., Cao, C.-H., & Yang, W.-Y. (2019). A study on the neurodevelopment outcomes of late preterm infants. Neurology, 19(108), 1–6. doi: 10.1186/s12883-019-1336-0
Zmij, N., Witt, S., Weitkämper, A., Neumann, H., & Lücke, T. (2017). Social cognition in children born preterm: A perspective on future research directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(455), 1–7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00455
Zuccarini, M., Guarini, A., Iverson, J. M., Benassi, E., Savini, S., Alessandroni, R., … Sansavini, A. (2018). Does early object exploration support gesture and language development in extremely preterm infants and full-term infants? Journal of Communication Disorders, 76, 91–100. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2018.09.004
Atkinson, J., & Braddick, O. (2012). Visual attention in the first years: typical development and developmental disorders. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 54, 589–595. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04294
Baranov, A. A., Maslova, O. I., & Namazova-Baranova, L. S. (2012). Ontogenesis of the neurocognitive development of children and adolescents. Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk = Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 8, 26–33. (in Russ.).
Barkun, G. K., Lysenko, I. M., Zhuravleva, L. N., Kosenkova, E. G., & Buchkina, T. I. (2013). Catamnesis of children with very low and extremely low body weight at birth. Vestnik VGMU, 12 (2), 63–69. (in Russ.).
Bayley, N. (2006). Bayley scales of infant and toddler development. 3rd ed. San Antonio, TX Harcourt Assessment.
Beier, J. S., & Spelke, E. S. (2012). Infants’ developing understanding of social gaze. Child Development, 83(2), 486–496. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01702.x
Belousova, M. V., Prusakov, V. F., & Utkuzova, M. A. (2009). Autism spectrum disorders in the practice of a pediatrician. Practical Medicine, 38, 36–40. (in Russ.).
Blencowe, H., Cousens, S., Oestergaard, M. Z., Chou, D., Moller, A.-B., Narwal, R., … Lawn, J. E. (2012). National, regional and worldwide estimates of preterm birthrates in the year 2010 with time tends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. The Lancet, 379(9832), 2162–2172. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60820-4
De Schuymer, L., Groote, D., Desoete, A., & Roeyers, H. (2012). Gaze aversion during social interaction in preterm infants: A function of attention skills? Infant Behavior & Development, 35, 129–139. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.08.002
Dolinina, A. F., Gromova, L. L., & Kopylova, E. R. (2014). Outcomes of perinatal damage to the central nervous system of hypoxic origin in premature infants. Pediatric Bulletin of the Southern Urals, 1(2), 44–48. (in Russ.).
Elsabbagh, M., Volein, A., Holmboe, K., Tucker, L., Csibra, G., Baron‐Cohen, S., … Johnson M. H. (2009). Visual orienting in the early broader autism phenotype: Disengagement and facilitation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(5), 637–642. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02051.x
Emberson, L. L., Boldin, A. M., Riccio, J. E., Guillet, R., & Aslin, R. N. (2017). Deficits in top-down sensory prediction in infants at risk due to premature birth. Current Biology, 27, 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.028
Filkina, O. M., Dolotova, N. V., Andreiuk, O. G., & Vorobeva, E. A. (2010). Incidence of premature babies born with very low and extremely low body weight by the end of the first year of life. Bulletin of the Ivanovo Medical Academy, 15(3), 49–53. (in Russ.).
Franz, A. P., Bolat, G. U., Bolat, H., Matijasevich, A., Santos, I. S., Silveira, R. C., … Moreira-Maia, C. R. (2018). Attention-deficit / Hyperactivity disorder and very preterm / very low birth weight: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 141(1), 1–18. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-1645
Frischen, A., Bayliss, A., & Tipper, S. (2007). Gaze cueing of attention. Visual attention, social cognition, and individual differences. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 694–724. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.694
Geldof, C., van Hus, J. W. P., Jeukens-Visser, M., Nollet, F., Kok, J. H., Oosterlaan, J., & van Wassenaer-Leemhuis, A. G. (2016). Deficits in vision and visual attention associated with motor performance of very preterm/very low birth weight children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53, 258–266. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.008
Gliga, T., Elsabbagh, M., Andravizou, A., & Johnson, M. (2009). Faces attract infants’ attention in complex displays. Infancy, 14(5), 550–562. doi: 10.1080/1525oooO9O3144199
Harel-Gadassi, A., Friedlander, E., Yaari, M., Bar-Oz, B., Eventov-Friedman, S., Mankuta, D., & Yirmiya, N. (2018). Developmental assessment of preterm infants: Chronological or corrected age? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 80, 35–43. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.06.002
Hofheimer, J. A., Sheinkopf, S. J., & Eyler, L. T. (2014). Autism risk in very preterm infants – new answers, more questions. The Journal of Pediatrics, 164(1), 6–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.09.054
Imafuku, M., Kawai, M., Niwa, F., Shinya, Y., Inagawa, M., & Myowa‐Yamakoshi, M. (2017). Preference for dynamic human images and gaze-following abilities in preterm infants at 6 and 12 months of age: An eye-tracking study. Infancy, 22(2), 223–239. doi: 10.1111/infa.12144
Ionio, C., Riboni, E., Confalonieri, E., Dallatomasina, C., Mascheroni, E., Bonanomi, A., … Comi, G. (2016). Paths of cognitive and language development in healthy preterm infants. Infant Behavior & Development, 44, 199–207. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.07.004
Kaul, Y. F., Rosander, K., Grönqvist, H., Brodd, K. S., Hellström-Westas, L., & von Hofsten, C. (2019). Reaching skills of infants born very preterm predict neurodevelopment at 2.5 years. Infant Behavior and Development, 57, 101333. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101333
Konishi, Yukihiko, Okubo, K., Kato, I., Ijichi, S., Nishida T., Kusaka T., … Konishi Yukuo. (2012). A developmental change of the visual behavior of the face recognition in the early infancy. Brain & Development, 34, 719–722. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2012.01.004
Lebedeva, O. V., Nevryuzina, G. O., & Frolova, O. V. (2011). Features of the development and state of health in the first year of life of deeply premature infants. Medical Sciences. Health Organization, 4(2), 102–108. (in Russ.).
Namazova-Baranova, L. S. et al. (2016). Features of somatic pathology in children with low, very low, and extremely low body weight at birth in various age periods of life. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine, 15(4), 140–149. (in Russ.).
Navab, A., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Johnson, S. P., Sigman, M., & Hutman, T. (2012). Eye-tracking as a measure of responsiveness to joint attention in infants at risk for autism. Infancy, 17(4), 416–431. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00082.x
Oudgenoeg-Paz, O., Mulder, H., Jongmans, M. J., van der Ham, I. J. M., & Van der Stigchel, S. (2017). The link between motor and cognitive development in children born preterm and/or with low birth weight: A review of current evidence. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 382–393. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.009
Peña, M., Arias, D., & Dehaene-Lambertz, G. (2014). Gaze following is accelerated in healthy preterm infants. Psychological Science, 25(10), 1884–1892. doi: 10.1177/0956797614544307
Perez-Roche, T., Altemir, I., Giménez, G., Prieto, E., González, I., López Pisón, J., Pueyo, V. (2017). Face recognition impairment in small for gestational age and preterm children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 62, 166–173. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.01.016
Peyton, C., Schreiber, M., & Msall, M. (2018). The Test of Infant Motor Performance at 3 months predicts language, cognitive, and motor outcomes in infants born preterm at 2 years of age. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 60(12), 1239–1243. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.13736
Ross-Sheehy, S., Perone, S., Macek, K., & Eschman, B. (2017). Visual orienting and attention deficits in 5- and 10-month-old preterm infants. Infant Behavior & Development, 46, 80–90. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.12.004
Safina, A. I., Volyanyuk, E. V., Potapova, M. V., & Fisheleva, T. S. (2018). Health status of children born prematurely: According to the Kazan Municipal Center for Catamnesis. Russian Journal of Perinatology and Pediatrics, 63(5), 192–196. (in Russ.). doi: 10.21508 / 1027-4065-2018-63-5-192-196
Senju, A., & Csibra, G. (2008). Gaze following in human infants depends on communicative signals. Current Biology, 18, 668–671. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.059
Telford, E. J., Fletcher‐Watson, S., Gillespie‐Smith, K., Pataky, R., Sparrow, S., Murray, I. C., … Boardman, J. P. (2016). Preterm birth is associated with atypical social orienting in infancy detected using eye tracking. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 11–18. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12546
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., & Lizkowski, U. (2007). A new look at infant pointing. Child Development, 78(3), 705–722. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01025.x
Torras-Mañá, M., Guillamón-Valenzuela, M., Ramírez-Mallafré, A., Brun-Gasca, C., & Fornieles-Deu, A. (2014). Usefulness of the Bayley scales of infant and toddler development, third edition, in the early diagnosis of language disorder. Psicothema, 26(3), 349–356. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2014.29
Van Hecke, A. V., Mundy, P. C., Acra, C. F., Block, J. J., Delgado, C. E. F., Parlade, M. V., … Pomares, Y. B. (2007). Infant joint attention, temperament, and social competence in preschool children. Child Development, 78(1), 53–69. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00985.x
Vandormael, C., Schoenhals, L., Hüppi, P. S., Filippa, M., & Tolsa, C. B. (2019). Language in preterm born children: Atypical development and effects of early interventions on neuroplasticity. Neural Plasticity. Article ID 6873270. doi: 10.1155/2019/6873270
Velikos, K., Soubasi, V., Michalettou, I., Sarafidis, K., Nakas, C., Papadopoulou, V., … Drossou, V. (2015). Bayley-III scales at 12 months of corrected age in preterm infants: Patterns of developmental performance and correlations to environmental and biological influences. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 45, 110–119. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.07.014
Weijer-Bergsma, E., Wijnroks, L., & Jongmans, M. J. (2008). Attention development in infants and preschool children born preterm: A review. Infant Behavior & Development, 31, 333–351. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.12.003
Williamson, K. E., & Jakobson, L. S. (2014). Social perception in children born at very low birthweight and its relationship with social/behavioral outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(9), 990–998. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12210
Yaari, M., Mankuta, D., Harel-Gadassi, A., Friedlander, E., Bar-Oz, B., Eventov-Friedman, S., … Yirmiya, N. (2018). Early developmental trajectories of preterm infants. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 81, 12–23. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.018
You, J., Shamsi, B. H., Hao, M.-C., Cao, C.-H., & Yang, W.-Y. (2019). A study on the neurodevelopment outcomes of late preterm infants. Neurology, 19(108), 1–6. doi: 10.1186/s12883-019-1336-0
Zmij, N., Witt, S., Weitkämper, A., Neumann, H., & Lücke, T. (2017). Social cognition in children born preterm: A perspective on future research directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(455), 1–7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00455
Zuccarini, M., Guarini, A., Iverson, J. M., Benassi, E., Savini, S., Alessandroni, R., … Sansavini, A. (2018). Does early object exploration support gesture and language development in extremely preterm infants and full-term infants? Journal of Communication Disorders, 76, 91–100. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2018.09.004