Abstract
Introduction. This study investigates how the Internet environment, which provides ample opportunities for content distribution, influences the socialization of contemporary youth. Involving young people in extremist communities and their radicalization through a virtual environment represent a particular threat in this context. This study analyses the effects of the Internet environment that determine the specific character of socialization processes in young people and describe specific indirect and direct threats to the physical and mental well-being of the younger generation.
Methods. To examine potential threats from the virtual space and to identify the mechanisms of young people’s involvement in extremist communities, the authors analyzed 2.500 creolized text units created by nationalist or religious-political extremist groups. The creolized texts were extracted from the websites containing extremist materials and from the relevant groups in Vkontakte.
Results. The authors (a) systematized the most typical threats from the virtual space for the normative socialization of junior schoolchildren, adolescents, and young adults. The mechanisms of young people’s involvement in extremist communities using various manipulative techniques are described in detail. In particular, the authors analyze the techniques of meaning distortions of text information, visual images, and creolized texts.
Discussion. The described mechanisms and techniques of their implementation are not the only ones. The improvement of the Internet environment leads to the development of techniques of influence on young people. The authors suggest that besides the administrative methods of controlling Internet content, it is necessary to form young people’s resistance to the influence of the Internet extremist communities.
References
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Ødegård G. Political socialization and influence at the mercy of politicians: A study of a local participation project amongst young people in Norway. Young, 2007, V. 15, Issue 3, pp. 273–297. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/110330880701500304
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Baizerman M., Magnuson D. Do we still need youth as a social stage? Young, 1996, V. 4, Issue 3, pp. 48–60. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/110330889600400304
Morimoto S. A., Friedland L. A. The lifeworld of youth in the information society. Youth & Society, 2011, V. 43, Issue 2, pp. 549–567. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118X10383655
Conway M. From “cyberterrorism” to “online radicalism”. In: Eid M. Exchanging terrorism oxygen for media airwaves: The age of terroredia. Ottawa, IGI Global, 2014, pp. 198–217. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5776-2.ch014
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Efimova T. V. Internet as an environment of socialization of modern personality. V mire nauchnykh otkrytii – In the World of Scientific Discoveries, 2011, no. 5–4 (41), pp. 195–209 (in Russian).
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Ugol'kov N. V. The internet influence on socialization of senior school students. ISOM – Historical and Social-Educational Ideas, 2012, no. 4, pp. 173–174 (in Russian).
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Karasik V. I. Yazykovoi krug: lichnost', kontsepty, diskurs [Language circle: Personality, concepts, and discourse]. Moscow, Gnozis Publ., 2004. 390 p.
van Dijk T. A. Issues of the pragmatics of text. Novoe v zarubezhnoi lingvistike – New in Foreign Linguistics, 1978, no. 8, pp. 259–336 (in Russian).
van Dijk T. A. Language. Knowledge. Communication. Moscow, Progress Publ. 1989. 312 p. (in Russian).
Losev A. F. Vvedenie v obshchuyu teoriyu yazykovykh modelei [Introduction to the general theory of language models]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1968. 296 p.
Blinova O. A. Extremism as a result of acquiring a negative personal identity. Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta – Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University, 2016, no. 5 (387), pp. 25–32 (in Russian).
Voroshilova M. B. Cognitive arsenal and communicative strategies of modern nationalist discourse. Politicheskaya lingvistika – Political Linguistics, 2014, no. 3 (49), pp. 242–245 (in Russian).
Sheigal E. I. Semiotika politicheskogo diskursa [Semiotics of political discourse]. Volgograd, Peremena Publ., 2000. 368 p.
Karapetyan A. A., Tagil'tseva Yu. R. Principle of intolerance as a psychological basis of extremist discourse: Communicative tactics and techniques for discrediting the ‘enemy’. Politicheskaya lingvistika – Political Linguistics, 2017, no. 6 (66), pp. 235–240 (in Russian).
Babikova M. R., Voroshilova M. B. Contextual precedent phenomena as a way of representation of nationalist ideas. Politicheskaya lingvistika – Political Linguistics, 2017, no. 6 (66), pp. 58–63 (in Russian).
Karapetyan A. A., Tagil'tseva Yu. R. Mind games, or the techniques of information and psychological influence in the practice of religious and political extremism. Vestnik Pyatigorskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta – Bulletin of Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University, 2015, no. 1, pp. 270–272 (in Russian).
Markin V. V., Rogovaya A. V. Countering the spread of the ideology of extremism and terrorism among young people: Part 2. Vlast' – Power, 2012, no. 12, pp. 114–118 (in Russian).
Babikova M. R. Natsionalisticheskii diskurs: sotsiolingvisticheskii podkhod [Nationalist discourse: A sociolinguistic approach]. Materialy VII Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi Internet-konferentsii “Yazyk i pravo: aktual'nye problemy vzaimodeistviya” [Proc. the VII All-Russian Theoretical and Practical Internet Conference “Language and law: Actual problems of interaction”]. 2017, Available at: http://www.ling-expert.ru/conference/langlaw7/babikova.html#more-3329 (Accessed 29 March 2018).
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Babikova M. R., Tagil'tseva Yu. R. Extremist discourse: Basic criteria for the analysis of extremist materials on the Internet. Politicheskie instituty i protsessy – Political Institutions and Processes, 2016, no. 3, pp. 66–69 (in Russian).
Babikova M. R. Slavyanskie obrazy v sovremennom natsionalisticheskom diskurse [Slavic images in the modern nationalist discourse]. Mentalitet slavyan i integratsionnye protsessy: istoriya, sovremennost', perspektivy: materialy X Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii [Proc. the X International Theoretical Conference “Slavic mentality and integration processes: History, modernity, and prospects]. Gomel, State Technical University of Gomel Publ., 25–26 May, 2017, pp. 297–299.
Voroshilova M. B. Verbal contextual environment of Nazi symbols in modern extremist discourse. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul'tury – Problems of History, Philology, and Culture, 2016, no. 3 (53), pp. 150–157 (in Russian).
Mardieva L. A. Sotsiokul'turnaya real'nost' i ee interpritatsii v mediatekstakh. Opyt integrativnogo issledovaniya [Socio-cultural reality and its interpretation in media texts: The experience of integrative research]. Kazan, Kazan University Publ., 2016. 358 p.
Antonova Yu. A. Vesnina L. E., Zlokazov K. V., Tagil'tseva Yu. R., Karapetyan A. A. Ekstremistskii tekst i destruktivnaya lichnost' [Extremist text and destructive personality]. Yekaterinburg, USPU Publ., 2014. 272 p.
Tagil'tseva Yu. R. Extremist discourse: Means and techniques of information and psychological impact. In: Starostin A. N. (ed.) Islam na Urale: istoriya, sovremennost', vyzovy [Islam in the Urals: History, the present, and challenges]. Ekaterinburg: Sverdlovskaya oblastnaya mezhnatsional'naya biblioteka Publ., 2017, pp. 31–39.
Voroshilova M. B. Reconstruction of cultural meanings of visual symbols in modern nationalist discourse. In: Mardievoi L. A., Shchuklinoi T. Yu. (ed.) Regional'naya kartina mira v yazykovoi kontseptualizatsii: dinamika
kul'turnykh smyslov [Regional picture of the world in language conceptualization: Dynamics of cultural meanings]. Kazan, Kazan Federal University Publ., 2016, pp. 22–25.
Voroshilova M. B. Politicheskii kreolizovannyi tekst: klyuchi k prochteniyu [Political creolized text: keys for reading]. Ekaterinburg, USPU Publ., 2013. 193 p.
Arpinar I. B., Kursuncu U., Achilov D. Social media analytics to identify and counter Islamist extremism: Systematic detection, evaluation, and challenging of extremist narratives online. 2016 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS). IEEE, 2016, pp. 611–612. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CTS.2016.0113
Walker C. The war of words with terrorism: An assessment of three approaches to pursue and prevent. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 2017, V. 22, Issue 3, pp. 523–551. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krx009
Fu T., Abbasi A., Chen H. A focused crawler for Dark Web forums. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2010, V. 61, Issue 6, pp. 1213–1231. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.21323
Scott J., Spaniel D. The anatomy of cyber-jihad. Washington, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016. 112 р.
Edwards C., Gribbon L. Pathways to violent extremism in the digital era. The RUSI Journal, 2013, V. 158, Issue 5, pp. 40–47. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2013.847714
Awan I. Cyber threats and cyber terrorism: The internet as a tool for extremism. In: Blakemore В. Policing cyber hate, cyber threats and cyber terrorism. Farnham, Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2012, pp. 21–38.
Greenberg K. J. Counter-radicalization via the Internet. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2016, V. 668, no. 1, pp. 165–179. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716216672635
Southers E., Heinz J. Foreign fighters: Terrorist recruitment and countering violent extremism (CVE) programs in Mminneapolis-St. Paul. Los Angeles, Create Center, University of Southern California, 2015. 46 р.
Vidino L., Hughes S. ISIS in America: From Retweets to Raqqa. George Washington University Program on Extremism. Washington, DC, George Washington University, 2015. 35 р.
Chernykh A. Mir sovremennykh media [The world of modern media]. Moscow, Territoriya budushchego Publ., 2007. 312 p.
Chistyakov A. V. Sotsializatsiya lichnosti v virtual'nom prostranstve [Socialization of personality in the virtual space]. Rostov-on-Don, Rostov State University Publ., 2006. 182 p.
Barber T. Participation, citizenship, and well-being: Engaging with young people, making a difference. Young, 2009, V. 17, Issue 1, pp. 25–40. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/110330880801700103
Ødegård G. Political socialization and influence at the mercy of politicians: A study of a local participation project amongst young people in Norway. Young, 2007, V. 15, Issue 3, pp. 273–297. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/110330880701500304
Lukov V. A. Teorii molodezhi: Mezhdistsiplinarnyi analiz [Theories of youth: Interdisciplinary analysis]. Moscow, Kanon+, 2012. 389 p.
Baizerman M., Magnuson D. Do we still need youth as a social stage? Young, 1996, V. 4, Issue 3, pp. 48–60. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/110330889600400304
Morimoto S. A., Friedland L. A. The lifeworld of youth in the information society. Youth & Society, 2011, V. 43, Issue 2, pp. 549–567. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118X10383655
Conway M. From “cyberterrorism” to “online radicalism”. In: Eid M. Exchanging terrorism oxygen for media airwaves: The age of terroredia. Ottawa, IGI Global, 2014, pp. 198–217. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5776-2.ch014
Wiener N. Cybernetics and society. Moscow, Inostrannaya literatura Publ., 1958. 200 p. Available at: https://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Science/viner/ (Accessed 29 March 2018).
Toffler A. Future shock. Moscow, AST Publ., 2002. 557 p. (in Russian).
Efimova T. V. Internet as an environment of socialization of modern personality. V mire nauchnykh otkrytii – In the World of Scientific Discoveries, 2011, no. 5–4 (41), pp. 195–209 (in Russian).
Minakov A. V. Some psychological characteristics and features of the Internet as a new layer of reality. Available at: http://sbiblio.com/BIBLIO/archive/minakov_some_psihological_properties/ (Accessed 29 March 2018).
Krylova I. V., Nepomnyashchii A. V. On the problem of socialization of personality in the information society. Nauchnye problemy gumanitarnykh issledovanii – Scientific Problems of Humanitarian Research, 2011, no. 3, pp. 174–182 (in Russian).
Ugol'kov N. V. The internet influence on socialization of senior school students. ISOM – Historical and Social-Educational Ideas, 2012, no. 4, pp. 173–174 (in Russian).
Morris M., Ogan C. The Internet as mass medium. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 1996, V. 1, Issue 4, pp. 39–50. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1996.tb00174.x
Bühl A. Die virtuelle Gesellschaft des 21. Jahrhunderts. Sozialer Wandel im digitalen Zeitalter. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2000. 541 р.
Conway M. Determining the role of the Internet in violent extremism and terrorism: Six suggestions for progressing research. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 2017, V. 40, Issue 1, pp. 77–98. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157408
Meleagrou-Hitchens A., Alexander A., Kaderbhai N. The impact of digital communications technology on radicalization and recruitment. International Affairs, 2017, V. 93, Issue 5, pp. 1233–1249. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix103
Schils N., Verhage A. Understanding how and why young people enter radical or violent extremist groups. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 2017, V. 11, pp. 1–17. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.473
Ermakova E. S. Information war as an attribute of the information society: Activation of the media function of violence over consciousness. Modern Science: Actual Problems of Theory and Practice, 2012, no. 2. Available at: http://www.vipstd.ru/nauteh/index.php/--gn12-02/403-a. (Accessed 29 March 2018).
Karasik V. I. Yazykovoi krug: lichnost', kontsepty, diskurs [Language circle: Personality, concepts, and discourse]. Moscow, Gnozis Publ., 2004. 390 p.
van Dijk T. A. Issues of the pragmatics of text. Novoe v zarubezhnoi lingvistike – New in Foreign Linguistics, 1978, no. 8, pp. 259–336 (in Russian).
van Dijk T. A. Language. Knowledge. Communication. Moscow, Progress Publ. 1989. 312 p. (in Russian).
Losev A. F. Vvedenie v obshchuyu teoriyu yazykovykh modelei [Introduction to the general theory of language models]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1968. 296 p.
Blinova O. A. Extremism as a result of acquiring a negative personal identity. Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta – Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University, 2016, no. 5 (387), pp. 25–32 (in Russian).
Voroshilova M. B. Cognitive arsenal and communicative strategies of modern nationalist discourse. Politicheskaya lingvistika – Political Linguistics, 2014, no. 3 (49), pp. 242–245 (in Russian).
Sheigal E. I. Semiotika politicheskogo diskursa [Semiotics of political discourse]. Volgograd, Peremena Publ., 2000. 368 p.
Karapetyan A. A., Tagil'tseva Yu. R. Principle of intolerance as a psychological basis of extremist discourse: Communicative tactics and techniques for discrediting the ‘enemy’. Politicheskaya lingvistika – Political Linguistics, 2017, no. 6 (66), pp. 235–240 (in Russian).
Babikova M. R., Voroshilova M. B. Contextual precedent phenomena as a way of representation of nationalist ideas. Politicheskaya lingvistika – Political Linguistics, 2017, no. 6 (66), pp. 58–63 (in Russian).
Karapetyan A. A., Tagil'tseva Yu. R. Mind games, or the techniques of information and psychological influence in the practice of religious and political extremism. Vestnik Pyatigorskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta – Bulletin of Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University, 2015, no. 1, pp. 270–272 (in Russian).
Markin V. V., Rogovaya A. V. Countering the spread of the ideology of extremism and terrorism among young people: Part 2. Vlast' – Power, 2012, no. 12, pp. 114–118 (in Russian).
Babikova M. R. Natsionalisticheskii diskurs: sotsiolingvisticheskii podkhod [Nationalist discourse: A sociolinguistic approach]. Materialy VII Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi Internet-konferentsii “Yazyk i pravo: aktual'nye problemy vzaimodeistviya” [Proc. the VII All-Russian Theoretical and Practical Internet Conference “Language and law: Actual problems of interaction”]. 2017, Available at: http://www.ling-expert.ru/conference/langlaw7/babikova.html#more-3329 (Accessed 29 March 2018).
Johnson N. F., Zheng M., Vorobyeva Y., Gabriel A., Qi H., Velasquez N., Manrique P., Johnson D., Restrepo E., Song C., Wuchty S. New online ecology of adversarial aggregates: ISIS and beyond. Science, 2016, V. 352, Issue 6292, pp. 1459–1463. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf0675
Babikova M. R., Tagil'tseva Yu. R. Extremist discourse: Basic criteria for the analysis of extremist materials on the Internet. Politicheskie instituty i protsessy – Political Institutions and Processes, 2016, no. 3, pp. 66–69 (in Russian).
Babikova M. R. Slavyanskie obrazy v sovremennom natsionalisticheskom diskurse [Slavic images in the modern nationalist discourse]. Mentalitet slavyan i integratsionnye protsessy: istoriya, sovremennost', perspektivy: materialy X Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii [Proc. the X International Theoretical Conference “Slavic mentality and integration processes: History, modernity, and prospects]. Gomel, State Technical University of Gomel Publ., 25–26 May, 2017, pp. 297–299.
Voroshilova M. B. Verbal contextual environment of Nazi symbols in modern extremist discourse. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul'tury – Problems of History, Philology, and Culture, 2016, no. 3 (53), pp. 150–157 (in Russian).
Mardieva L. A. Sotsiokul'turnaya real'nost' i ee interpritatsii v mediatekstakh. Opyt integrativnogo issledovaniya [Socio-cultural reality and its interpretation in media texts: The experience of integrative research]. Kazan, Kazan University Publ., 2016. 358 p.
Antonova Yu. A. Vesnina L. E., Zlokazov K. V., Tagil'tseva Yu. R., Karapetyan A. A. Ekstremistskii tekst i destruktivnaya lichnost' [Extremist text and destructive personality]. Yekaterinburg, USPU Publ., 2014. 272 p.
Tagil'tseva Yu. R. Extremist discourse: Means and techniques of information and psychological impact. In: Starostin A. N. (ed.) Islam na Urale: istoriya, sovremennost', vyzovy [Islam in the Urals: History, the present, and challenges]. Ekaterinburg: Sverdlovskaya oblastnaya mezhnatsional'naya biblioteka Publ., 2017, pp. 31–39.
Voroshilova M. B. Reconstruction of cultural meanings of visual symbols in modern nationalist discourse. In: Mardievoi L. A., Shchuklinoi T. Yu. (ed.) Regional'naya kartina mira v yazykovoi kontseptualizatsii: dinamika
kul'turnykh smyslov [Regional picture of the world in language conceptualization: Dynamics of cultural meanings]. Kazan, Kazan Federal University Publ., 2016, pp. 22–25.
Voroshilova M. B. Politicheskii kreolizovannyi tekst: klyuchi k prochteniyu [Political creolized text: keys for reading]. Ekaterinburg, USPU Publ., 2013. 193 p.
Arpinar I. B., Kursuncu U., Achilov D. Social media analytics to identify and counter Islamist extremism: Systematic detection, evaluation, and challenging of extremist narratives online. 2016 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS). IEEE, 2016, pp. 611–612. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CTS.2016.0113
Walker C. The war of words with terrorism: An assessment of three approaches to pursue and prevent. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 2017, V. 22, Issue 3, pp. 523–551. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krx009
Fu T., Abbasi A., Chen H. A focused crawler for Dark Web forums. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2010, V. 61, Issue 6, pp. 1213–1231. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.21323
Scott J., Spaniel D. The anatomy of cyber-jihad. Washington, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016. 112 р.
Edwards C., Gribbon L. Pathways to violent extremism in the digital era. The RUSI Journal, 2013, V. 158, Issue 5, pp. 40–47. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2013.847714