Abstract
Introduction. The concept of a “subject of behavior” (SB) was formulated within the system-evolutionary theory in systemic psychophysiology. It is argued that the development of the concept of SB requires describing other components of this internally consistent theory.
Theoretical review. This section reviews the theoretical and empirical grounds used by V.B. Shvyrkov to formulate the original foundations of the concepts of SB and “state of the subject of behavior” (SSB). SB is defined as the whole set of functional systems (elements of subjective experience) comprising memory. SSB is defined as a section of functional systems (part of the whole set) that are formed at different stages of individual development and simultaneously actualized in order to provide the deployment of a certain step of the behavioral continuum. Behavior is considered as the dynamics of SSBs, i.e. the transition from the state corresponding to one behavioral act of the continuum to the state corresponding to the next behavioral act.
Results. This section reviews the results of theoretical and empirical development of the concepts of SB and SSB that was aimed to expand their factually supported meaning. This development has been implemented via the research paradigm of system psychophysiology representing a field of multidisciplinary studies focused on the mechanisms of formation and actualisation of experience in human and other animals during individual and collective behavior. I review neurogenetic bases of experience formation; dynamics of the formation of the structure of experience within a strategic game; variability of SSBs during consequent behaviors; the role of learning history during formation of the structure of experience; specific characteristics of various domains of experience; the unified theory of consciousness and emotion along with its implications; dynamics of SSBs underlying regression; properties of various forms of social interaction in individuals with holistic and analytical mentalities; the system mechanisms of moral judgement of actions; and results of mathematical modelling of SB formation.
Conclusions. Results of the reviewed studies of SB and SSB demonstrate heuristic value of these concepts and their potential as methodological tools for coordinated development in various fields of psychology and neuroscience.
References
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Anokhin P. K. Filosofskie aspekty teorii funktsional'noi sistemy [Philosophical aspects of the theory of functional systems]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1978.
400 p.
Aleksandrov Yu. I., Shevchenko D. G., Gorkin A. G., Grinchenko Yu. V. Dynamics of system organization of behavior in its sequential realization. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal, 1999, Vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 82–89 (in Russian).
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Kuzina E. A., Aleksandrov Yu. I. Multiple repetition of instrumental behavior and the reorganization of its cerebral mechanisms. In: A. L. Zhuravlev, V. A. Kol'tsova Fundamental'nye i prikladnye issledovaniya v sovremennoi psikhologii [Fundamental and applied research in modern psychology]. Moscow, Institute of Psychology RAS Publ., 2017, pp. 1583–1591.
Gorkin A. G., Shevchenko D. G. Distinctions in the neuronal activity of the rabbit limbic cortex under different training strategies. Zhurnal vysshei nervnoi deyatel'nosti im. I. P. Pavlova – I. P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous
Activity, 1995, Vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 90–100 (in Russian).
Kuzina E. A., Aleksandrov Yu. I. Aktivnost' neironov retrosplenial'noi kory krys v povedenii, sformirovannom s raznym kolichestvom etapov obucheniya [Neuron activity in the rat retrosplenial cortex in the behavior formed
with various numbers of learning stages]. Sbornik tezisov: Dvenadtsatyi Mezhdunarodnyi Mezhdistsiplinarnyi Kongress “Neironauka dlya meditsiny i psikhologii” [Proc. the 12th International Interdisciplinary Congress “Neuroscience
for medicine and psychology”]. Sudak, 2016, pp. 235–236.
Gorkin A. G., Rozhdestvin A. V., Chistova Yu. R. Reconstructing relationships between the components of subjective experience by the activity of specialized neurons. Neirokomp'yutery: razrabotka, primenenie – Neurocomputers:
Development and Application, 2015, no. 4, pp. 29–30 (in Russian).
Bezdenezhnykh B. N., Marchenko O. P. Categorization of words as a way of studying intersystem relations. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal, 2008, Vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 77–85 (in Russian).
Aleksandrov Yu. I. Soznanie i emotsii [Consciousness and emotions]. Teoriya deyatel'nosti i sotsial'naya praktika: 3-i mezhdunarodnyi kongress [Proc. the 3rd International Congress “Theory of activity and social practice”]. Moscow,
Fizkul'tura, obrazovanie, nauka Publ., 1995, pp. 5–6.
Aleksandrov Yu. I. From emotions to consciousness. In: D. V. Ushakov (ed.) Psikhologiya tvorchestva: shkola Ya. A. Ponomareva [Psychology of creativity: I. V. Ushakov’s school]. Moscow, Institute of Psychology RAS Publ., 2006, pp. 293–328.
Alexandrov Yu. I. Psychophysiological regularities of the dynamics of individual experience and the “stream of consciousness”. In: C. Teddei-Ferretti, C. Musio (eds.) Neuronal bases and psychological aspects of consciousness. Singapour, N.Y., London, Hong-Kong: “World Scientific”, 1999, pp. 201–219. DOI: 10.1142/9789814313254_0017
Alexandrov Yu. I. Comparative description of consciousness and emotions in the framework of systemic understanding of behavioral continuum and individual development. In: C. Teddei-Ferretti, C. Musio (eds.) Neuronal bases and psychological aspects of consciousness. Singapour, N.Y., London, Hong-Kong: “World Scientific”, 1999, pp. 220–235. DOI: 10.1142/9789814313254_0018
Alexandrov Yu. I., Sams M. E. Emotion and consciousness: Ends of a continuum. Cognitive Brain Research, 2005, Vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 387–405. DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.08.006
Aleksandrov Yu. I. Regularities of actualization of individual experiences and reorganization of its systemic structure: a complex investigation. Trudy ISA RAN – Proceedings of ISA RAS, 2011, Vol. 61, Issue 3, pp. 3–25 (in Russian).
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Russian). DOI: 10.7868/S0205959217030060
Kolbeneva M. G., Aleksandrov Yu. I. Mental reactivation and pleasantness judgment of experience related to vision, hearing, skin sensations, taste and olfaction. PLoS ONE, 2016, Vol. 11, no. 7, e0159036. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159036
Aleksandrov Yu. I. Differentiation and development. In: Teoriya razvitiya: Differentsionno-integratsionnaya paradigm [Developmental theory: Differentiation-integration paradigm]. Moscow, Yazyki slavyanskikh kul'tur, 2009, pp. 19–28.
Aleksandrov Yu. I. Regressiya [Regression]. Tezisy dokladov: 7-ya mezhdunarodnaya konferentsiya po kognitivnoi nauke [Proc. the 7th International Conference on Cognitive Science]. Moscow, Institute of Psychology RAS Publ., 2016, pp. 100–101.
Aleksandrov Yu. I., Svarnik O. E., Znamenskaya I. I., Kolbeneva M. G., Arutyunova K. R., Krylov A. K., Bulava A. I. Regressiya kak etap razvitiya [Regression as a stage of development]. Moscow, Institute of Psychology RAS Publ.,
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Aleksandrov Yu. I., Svarnik O. E., Znamenskaya I. I., Kolbeneva M. G., Arutyunova K. R., Krylov A. K., Bulava A. I. Alcoholization as a condition of regression in learning and prosocial behavior. Voprosy psikhologii, 2017, no. 3, pp. 80–91 (in Russian).
Aleksandrov Yu. I., Svarnik O. E., Znamenskaya I. I., Kolbeneva M. G., Arutyunova K. R., Krylov A. K., Bulava A. I. Stress, disease, and learning as conditions for regression. Voprosy psikhologii, 2017, no. 4, pp. 87–101 (in Russian).
Aleksandrov Yu. I. Cognition as systemogenesys. Anticipation: Learning from the Past: The Russian/Soviet Contributions to the Science of Anticipation. New York: Springer, 2015, Vol. 25, pp. 193–220. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19446-2_11
Apanovich V. V., Znakov V. V., Aleksandrov Yu. I. Testing the analytic-holistic scale in a Russian sample. Voprosy psikhologii, 2017, Vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 80–96 (in Russian). DOI: 10.7868/S0205959217050075
Aleksandrov Yu. I., Kirdina S. G. Mentality types and institutional matrices: Multi-disciplinary approach. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya (Sotsis) – Sociological Studies (Socis), 2012, no. 8, pp. 3–12 (in Russian).
Alexandrov Yu., Kirdina S. Toward integration of social mental and institutional models: systemic approach. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 2013, Vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 7–15. Available at: http://repec.mnje.com/mje/2013/v09-n01/mje_2013_v09-n01-a11.html (Accessed 08 August 2018).
Apanovich V. V., Bezdenezhnykh B. N., Znakov V. V., Sams M., Yaaskelainen I., Aleksandrov Yu. I. Differences of the brain activity in individual, competitive and cooperative behavior between subjects with analytic and holistic
cognitive styles. Eksperimental'naya psikhologiya – Experimental psychology, 2016, Vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 5–22 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17759/exppsy.2016090202
Apanovich V. V., Bezdenezhnykh B. N., Sams M., Jääskeläinen I. P., Alexandrov Yu. I. Event-related potentials during individual, cooperative, and competitive task performance differ in subjects with analytic vs. holistic
thinking. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2018, Vol. 123, Issue 1, pp. 136–142. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.10.001
Arutyunova K. R., Aleksandrov Yu. I. Factors of gender and age in moral judgment of actions. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal, 2016, Vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 79–91 (in Russian). DOI: 10.7868/S0205959217050075
Arutyunova K. R., Alexandrov Yu. I., Hauser M. D. Sociocultural influences on moral judgments: East-West, male-female, and young-old. Frontiers in Psychology, 2016, Vol. 7, no. 1334, pp. 1–15. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01334.
Arutyunova K. R., Bakhchina A. V., Aleksandrov Yu. I. The effects of alcohol on heart rate and evaluation of actions in moral dilemmas. Eksperimental'naya psikhologiya – Experimental Psychology, 2017, Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 5–22 (in
Russian). DOI: 10.17759/exppsy.2017100102
Bakhchina A. V., Alexandrov Yu. I. Heart rate complexity during the temporary systems dedifferentiation. Eksperimental'naya psikhologiya – Experimental psychology, 2017, Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 114–130 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17759/ exppsy.2017100210
Bakhchina A. V., Arutyunova K. R., Sozinov A. A., Demidovsky A. V., Alexandrov Y. I. Sample entropy of the heart rate reflects properties of the system organization of behaviour. Entropy, 2018, Vol. 20, no. 6, p. 449 (1–22). DOI:
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Sozinova I. M., Sozinov A. A., Laukka S. J., Alexandrov Yu. I. The prerequisites of prosocial behavior in human ontogeny. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE), 2017, Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 57–63. DOI: 10.5937/IJCRSEE1701057S
Sozinova I. M., Bakhchina A. V., Aleksandrov Yu. I. Dynamics of heart activities during moral dilemmas solving by children aged 4–11. Eksperimental'naya psikhologiya – Experimental Psychology, 2017, Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 97–109 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17759/exppsy.2017100307
Sozinova I. M., Peskova P. A., Aleksandrov Yu. I. Own/alien moral dilemmas solving by children aged 4–11 in the absence of a visible external control. Voprosy psikhologii, 2018, no. 2, pp. 53–63 (in Russian).
Znamenskaya I. I., Markov A. V., Bakhchina A. V., Aleksandrov Yu. I. The attitudes toward out-group in the stress: system dedifferentiation. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal, 2016, Vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 44–58 (in Russian).
Krylov A. K. Psikhofiziologicheskii analiz reflektornogo vzaimodeistviya so sredoi [Psychophysiological analysis of a reflective interaction with the environment]. Diss. Cand. Sci. (Psych.). Moscow, 2007. 208 p.
Krylov A. K., Aleksandrov Yu. I. Immersion in the environment as an alternative to the method of stimulus presentation: A model study. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal, 2007, Vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 106–113 (in Russian).
Krylov A. K. Aktualizatsiya opyta kak vozmozhnaya prichina fraktal'noi struktury poiskovogo povedeniya [Actualization of experience as a possible cause of the fractal structure of searching behavior]. Trudy V Vserossiiskoi
konferentsii: Nelineinaya dinamika v kognitivnykh issledovaniyakh-2017 [Proc. the V All-Russian Conference “Nonlinear dynamics in cognitive studies – 2017”]. Nizhny Novgorod, Institute of Applied Physics RAS Publ., 2017, pp. 128–131.