Abstract
Introduction. The paper examines the cultural and intellectual features of facial expression recognition by different ethnofors. These features are the following: (a) the experience of communication; (b) the experience of perceiving faces and facial expression; (c) knowledge of the rules of emotion expression and cultural styles of emotion expression. The study presents domestic and foreign approaches to perceiving faces and facial expression recognition. The novelty of the research lies in studying personal cultural and intellectual abilities during adaptation to living in a multicultural space of modern society through facial expression recognition when interacting with other ethnofors.
Materials and Methods. The study employed the Cultural Intelligence Scale to study personal cultural and intellectual abilities. The Montreal Set of Facial Displays of Emotion (MSFDE) was the technique to study the ability to recognize facial expressions of representatives of their own and other ethnocultural groups. The participants comprised 129 Russian students and 129 students of Asian origin (from China, Vietnam, and Mongolia). The average age of research participants was 24 years.
Results. The respondents recognized facial expressions of Asians better due to a metacognitive component, while a motivational component allowed them to better recognize facial expressions in whole. This was the result of the desire to understand another ethnofor.
Discussion. Russian respondents’ greater openness and communicative experience determined their success in facial expression recognition. Asian respondents were more closed and less engaged in interethnic interaction. A person with high metacognitive intelligence abilities is more successful in recognizing facial expression, because he/she consciously chooses a strategy of intercultural interaction. High motivational and intellectual abilities are advantages in recognizing facial expressions of representatives of different cultures, because they are responsible for the desire to understand another culture.
References
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Khvorova E. M. Cultural and spiritual aspects of emotion recognition among representatives of different ethnic groups. Akmeologiya – Acmeology, 2017, no. 1 (61), pp. 48–52 (in Russian).
Khvorova E. M. O znachimosti kul'turno-spetsificheskikh osobennostei demonstratsii i raspoznavaniya emotsii v protsesse psikhologicheskogo konsul'tirovaniya [On the issue of culture-specific features of the demonstration and recognition of emotions in psychological counseling]. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov uchastnikov II Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Aktual'nye problemy psikhologii i pedagogiki v sovremennom mire” [Proc. the 2nd International Theoretical and Practical Conference “Actual problems of psychology and pedagogy in modern world”]. Moscow, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Publ., 2015, pp. 324–329.
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Montague D. P. F., Walker-Andrews A. S. Peekaboo: A new look at infants’ perception of emotion expressions. Developmental Psychology, 2001, V. 37, pp. 826–838.
Walker P. M. & Tanaka J. W. An encoding advantage for own-race versus other-race faces. Perception, 2003, V. 32, pp. 1117–1125.
Walker-Andrews A. S., Grolnick W. Discrimination of vocal expression by young infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 1983, V. 6, pp. 491–498.
Walker-Andrews A. S., Lennon E. Infants’ discrimination of vocal expressions: Contributions of auditory and visual information. Infant Behavior and Development, 1991, V. 14, pp. 131–142.
Walker-Andrews A. S. Infants’ perception of expressive behaviors: Differentiation of multimodal information. Psychological Bulletin, 1997, V. 121, pp. 437–456.
Boucsein K., Weniger G., Mursch K., Steinhoff B. J., Irle E. Amygdala lesion in temporal lobe epilepsy subjects impairs associative learning of emotional facial expressions. Neuropsychologia, 2001, V. 39, Issue 3, pp. 231–236.
Calder A. J., Burton A. M., Miller P., Young A. W., Akamatsu S. A principal component analysis of facial expressions. Vision Research, 2001, V. 41, Issue 9, pp. 1179–1208. DOI: 10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00002-5
Calder A. J., Keane J., Young A. W., Dean M. Configural information in facial expression perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2000, V. 26, Issue 2, pp. 527–551. DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.26.2.527
Meletti S., Benuzzi F., Cantalupo G., Rubboli G., Tassinari C. A., Nichelli P. Facial emotion recognition impairment in chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2009, V. 50, Issue 6, pp. 1547–1559. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01978.x
Meletti S., Tassi L., Mai R., Fini N., Tassinari C. A., Russo G. L. Emotions induced by intracerebral electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe. Epilepsia, 2006, V. 47, Issue 5, pp. 47–51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00877.x
Monti G., Meletti S. Emotion recognition in temporal lobe epilepsy: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2015, V. 55, pp. 280–293. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.009
Papps B. P., Calder A. J., Young A. W., O'Carroll R. E. Document Dissociation of affective modulation of recollective and perceptual experience following amygdala damage. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 2003, V. 74, Issue 2, pp. 253–254. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.74.2.253
Young A. W., Hellawell D., Hay D. C. Configurational information in face perception. Perception, 1987, V. 16, pp. 747–759. DOI: 10.1068/p160747
Farah M. J., Wilson K. D., Drain M., Tanaka J. N. What is “special” about face perception? Psychological review, 1998, V. 105, pp. 482–498. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.105.3.482
Frijda N. H., Mesquita B., S. Kitayama, H. R. Markus (eds.). The social rules and functions of emotions. Emotion and culture: empirical studies of mutual influence. Washington DC, American Psychological Association, 1994, pp. 51–87.
Jack R. E., Caldara R., Schyns P. G. Internal representations reveal cultural diversity in expectations of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2012, V. 141 (1), pp. 19–25. DOI: 10.1037/a0023463
Kitayama S., Mesquita B., Karasawa M. Collective and personal processes in regulating emotions: emotion and self in Japan and the United States. In: Philippot P., Feldman R. S. The Regulation of Emotion. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004, pp. 255–277.
Kitayama S., Mesquita B., Karasawa M. The emotional bases of independent and interdependent selves: socially disengaging and engaging emotions in the U. S. and Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2006, V. 91, pp. 890–903.
Yuki M., Maddux W. W., Masuda T. Are the windows to the soul the same in the East and West? Cultural differences in using the eyes and mouth as cues to recognize emotions in Japan and the United States. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2007, V. 43, Issue 2, pp. 303–311. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.004
Barabanshchikov V. A. Vospriyatie vyrazhenii litsa [Perception of facial expressions]. Moscow, RAS Institute of Psychology Publ., 2009.
Barabanshchikov V. A., Korol'kova O. A., Lobodinskaya E. A. Vliyanie kazhushchegosya dvizheniya rasfokusirovannogo izobrazheniya litsa na raspoznavanie bazovykh emotsii [The impact of apparent motion of the defocused face image on basic facial expressions recognition]. III Mezhdunarodnaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya “Aktual'nye problemy psikhologii i pedagogiki v sovremennom mire” [Proc. The III International Theoretical and Practical Conference “Actual problems of psychology and pedagogy in modern world”]. Moscow, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Publ., 2017, pp. 50–55.
Barabanshchikov V. A., Korol'kova O. A., Lobodinskaya E. A. Perception of facial emotional states during its masking and apparent motion. Eksperimental'naya psikhologiya – Experimental Psychology, 2015, V. 8, no. 1, pp. 7–27 (in Russian).
Barabanshchikov V. A., Malkova T. N. The dependence of the accuracy for the identification of facial expression on the localization of facial manifestations. Voprosy psikhologii, 1986, no. 5, pp. 131–140 (in Russian).
Barabanshchikov V. A., Demidov A. A. Perception of individual psychological characteristics of a person in direct and vicarious communication. Vestnik MOPU – Bulletin of Moscow State Regional University, 2007, no. 3, pp. 17–27 (in Russian).
Barabanshchikov V. A., Zhegallo A. B., Khoze E. G. Categoriality boundaries in perception of facial expressions. In: Poznanie v strukture obshcheniya [Cognition in the structure of communication]. Moscow, RAS Institute of Psychology Publ., 2009, pp. 22–29.
Barabanshchikov V. A., Zhegallo A. V., Ivanova L. A. inverted facial expressions recognition. In: Eksperimental'naya psikhologiya v Rossii: traditsii i perspektivy [Experimental psychology in Russia: Traditions and prospects]. Moscow, RAS Institute of Psychology Publ., 2010, pp. 218–223.
Barabanshchikov V. A. The idea of systemacy in psychology: Ways of development. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal, 2008, 29 (1), pp. 5–13 (in Russian).
Elfenbein H. A. Nonverbal dialects and accents in facial expressions of emotion. Emotion Review, 2013, V. 5, Issue 1, pp. 90–96. DOI: 10.1177/1754073912451332
Elfenbein H. A., & Ambady N. Is There an In-Group Advantage in Emotion Recognition? Psychological Bulletin, 2002, V. 128, no. 2, pp. 243–249. DOI: 10.1037//0033-2909.128.2.243
Elfenbein H. A., & Ambady N. On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 2002, V. 128 (2), pp. 203–235. DOI: 10.1037//0033-2909.128.2.203
Elfenbein H. A., & Ambady N. When familiarity breeds accuracy: Cultural exposure and facial emotion recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, V. 85 (2), pp. 276–290. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.276
Matsumoto D., Ekman P. American-Japanese differences in intensity ratings of facial expressions of emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 1989, V. 13, Issue 2, pp. 143–157. DOI: 10.1007/BF00992959
Matsumoto D. American-Japanese Cultural Differences in the Recognition of Universal Facial Expressions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1992, V. 23, Issue 1, pp. 72–84. DOI: 10.1007/s10919-009-0068-z
Matsumoto D. Cultural similarities and differences in display rules. Motivation and Emotion, 1990, V. 14, Issue 3, pp. 195–214. DOI: 10.1007/BF00995569
Matsumoto D. Methodological requirements to test a possible in-group advantage in judging emotions across cultures: Comment on Elfenbein and Ambady (2002) and evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 2002, V. 128 (2), pp. 236–242. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.236
Ekman P., T. Dalgleish, T. Power (eds.). Basic emotions. Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1999, pp. 45–60.
Ekman P., Sorenson E. R., & Friesen W. V. Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 1969, V. 164, pp. 86–88.
Lindsay D. S., Jack Jr. P. C., Christian M. A. Other-race face perception. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991, V. 76, pp. 587–589.
Kito T., Lee B. Interpersonal perception in Japanese and British observers. Perception, 2004, V. 33, Issue 8, pp. 957–974. DOI: 10.1068/p3471
Earley P. C. & Mosakowski E. Cultural Intelligence. Harvard Business Review, 2004, V. 82, no. 10, pp. 139–146.
Belovol E. V., Shkvarilo K. A., Khvorova E. M. C. Earley and S. Ang’s Cultural Intelligence Scale adaptation on the Russian sample. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Psikhologiya i pedagogika – Bulletin of Russian Peoples’ Friendship University. Series Psychology and Pedagogics, 2012, no. 4, pp. 5–14 (in Russian).
Belovol E. V. Khvorova E. M. The cognitive style of a person as a factor in the effective facial expressions recognition. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Psikhologiya i pedagogika – Bulletin of Russian Peoples’ Friendship University. Series Psychology and Pedagogics, 2015, no. 3, pp. 51–60 (in Russian).
Karabushchenko N. B., Khvorova E. M. O roli kul'turnogo intellekta v psikhologicheskom soprovozhdenii inostrannykh obuchayushchikhsya [On the issue of cultural intelligence in the psychological support of foreign students]. Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Studentotsentrirovannoe obrazovanie kak osnovopolagayushchii printsip bolonskikh reform v vysshei shkole” [Proc. the International Theoretical and Practical Conference “Student- centered education as a fundamental principle of the Bologna reforms in higher education”]. Astana, ZhKS Publ., 2016, pp. 246–249.
Karabushchenko N. B., Khvorova E. M. Cognitive and cultural grounds for studying emotion recognition. In: Psikhologiya i pedagogika XXI veka: teoriya, praktika i perspektivy [Psychology and pedagogy of the 21st century: Theory, practice, and prospects]. Moscow, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Publ., 2015, pp. 225–251.
Khvorova E. M. O kul'turno-intellektual'nykh osobennostyakh raspoznavaniya emotsii studentami iz Rossii i stran Azii [On the issue of cultural and intellectual features emotion recognition in Russian and Asian students]. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov uchastnikov III Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Aktual'nye problemy psikhologii i pedagogiki v sovremennom mire” [Proc. the 3rd International Theoretical and Practical Conference “Actual problems of psychology and pedagogy in modern world”]. Moscow, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Publ., 2017, pp. 275–280.
Khvorova E. M. Cultural intelligence in emotion recognition from facial expression. In: Lichnost' v prirode i obshchestve. Nauchnye trudy molodykh uchenykh. Seriya “Psikhologiya i pedagogika” [Personality in nature and society. Young scientists’ works. Series “Psychology and pedagogy”]. Moscow, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Publ., 2016, pp. 122–124.
Pilishvili T. S., Pan' Tsze Subjective well-being in Chinese students during adaptation to foreign culture. Vektor Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Pedagogika i psikhologiya – Science Vector of Togliatti State University. Series: Pedagogy, Psychology, 2016, no. 2 (25), pp. 99–103 (in Russian).
Pilishvili T. S., Khuan Lu Time perspective in Chinese students during psychological adaptation to the Russian international university. Initsiativy XXI veka – Initiatives of the XXI Century, 2016, no. 2, pp. 17–18 (in Russian).
Khvorova E. M. Cultural and spiritual aspects of emotion recognition among representatives of different ethnic groups. Akmeologiya – Acmeology, 2017, no. 1 (61), pp. 48–52 (in Russian).
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