Abstract
Introduction. The relationship between religiosity and adaptation is an important issue in the psychology of religion. The present study introduces a heuristic model integrating these phenomena. The model components are organized in a two-dimensional space, where extreme points indicate the intensity of the phenomena. The study revealed four types of relationship: (1) external religiousness – adaptation, (2) external religiosity – desadaptation, (3) internal religiousness – adaptation, and (4) internal religiousness – desadaptation.
Methods. The data statistical processing included the following steps: (a) checking the adequacy of graphically presenting the model, (b) checking the hypothesis of the differentiation of adaptation strategies depending on their location on the coordinate plane of the geometric space of the model, (c) revealing the content of adaptation/desadaptation variables.
Results. The adequacy of graphically presenting the constructed model gained empirical confirmation. Combinations of the parameters of adaptation/desadaptation and external/internal religiosity led to specific behavior types. Desadaptation resulted from external religiosity and the adaptation strategy of “leaving the environment and searching for a new one”, without the desire for change in the environment or self-changing. Adequate responses to changes in the environment led to adaptation. However, religion did not characterize the individual’s adaptation.
Discussion. The presented model can be a form of cognitive scheme which simplifies the internal processing of life experience. The paper describes prospects for further research.
References
Chernyaeva S. A. Psychological counseling for religious clients. Izvestiya Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A. I. Gertsena – Izvestia: Herzen University Journal of Humanities & Sciences, 2009, no. 98, pp. 237–242 (in Russian).
Ugrinovich D. M. Psikhologiya religii [Psychology of religion]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1986. 352 p.
Granovskaya R. M. Psikhologiya very [Psychology of faith]. St. Petersburg, Piter Publ., 2010. 480 p.
Dvoinin A. M., Danilova G. I. The phenomenon of faith in the subject field of psychology: methodological problems. Vestnik Pravoslavnogo Svyato-Tikhonovskogo gumanitarnogo universiteta. Seriya 4: Pedagogika. Psikhologiya – St. Tikhon’s University Review. Pedagogy. Psychology, 2013, no. 2 (29), pp. 121–130 (in Russian).
Sokolovskaya I. E. Sotsial'naya psikhologiya religioznoi identichnosti sovremennoi Rossiiskoi molodezhi [Social psychology of religious identity among modern Russian youth]. Diss. Dr. Sci. (Psych.). Moscow, 2015. 315 p.
Batson C., Schoenrade P., Ventis W. Religion and the individual. A social-psychological perspective. New York, Oxford University Press, 1993. 427 p.
Paloutzian R. F. Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. New York, Guilford Press, 2005. 590 p.
Pargament K. I., Lomax J. W. Understanding and addressing religion among people with mental illness. World psychiatry, V. 12 (1), 2013, pp. 26–32. DOI: 10.1002/wps.20005
Sklyarova T. V. Religious socialization: research problems and directions. Vestnik PSTGU. IV: Pedagogika. Psikhologiya – St. Tikhon’s University Review. Pedagogy. Psychology, 2009, V. 4 (15), pp. 7–17 (in Russian).
Parubochaya E. F. Islamic fundamentalism in modern Russia. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4, Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya – Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International relations, 2017, V. 22, no. 3, pp. 150–160 (in Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2017.3.14
Freud Z. The future of an illusion. In: Sumerki bogov [Twilight of the gods]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1990. 398 p.
Stout C. E. The psychology of terrorism: Theoretical understandings and perspectives. Westport, Praeger, 2002, V. 3. 269 p.
James W. Jones Blood that cries out from the Earth: The psychology of religious terrorism. New York, Oxford University Press, 2008. 209 p.
Smelser N. J. The faces of terrorism: social and psychological dimension. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2007. 292 p.
Filosofskii entsiklopedicheskii slovar' [Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary]. Moscow, Sovetskaya entsiklopediya Publ., 1989. 754 p.
Yurevich A. V. The structure of theories in social science and humanities. In: Nauka glazami gumanitariya [Science through the eyes of a humanitarian scientist]. Moscow, Progress-Traditsiya Publ., 2005. 316 p.
Rean A. A. On the issue of the individual’s social adaptation. Vestnik SPbGU – Vestnik of St. Petersburg University. Series 6, 1995, V. 3, no. 20, pp. 74–79 (in Russian).
Emel'yanov S. M. Praktikum po konfliktologii [Conflictology: Practical course]. St. Petersburg, Piter Publ., 2009. 384 p.
Leary T. Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York, Ronald Press, 1957. 374 p.
Chernov A. Yu. Kachestvennyi podkhod v psikhologicheskom issledovanii [A qualitative approach in psychological research]. Volgograd, VSU Publ., 2008, p. 25.
Bol'shoi tolkovyi psikhologicheskii slovar' [Great psychological dictionary]. Moscow, AST Publ., 2001, V. 2 (P–I), p. 90.
Barannikov V. P., Matronina L. F. Dynamics of religiosity in the information society. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya – Sociological Studies, 2004, no. 9, pp. 102–107 (in Russian).
Argyle M. Religion behavior. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958, pp. 96–98.
Allport G. W. The individual and his religion. New York, Macmillan, 1959. 167 p.
Zotova O. I., Kryazheva I. K. The content and signs of an individual’s adaptation. In: Organizatsionnaya psikhologiya [Organizational psychology]. St. Petersburg., Piter Publ., 2001, pp. 248–255.
Kras'ko V. G. Slovar'-spravochnik po sotsial'noi psikhologii [Dictionary on social psychology]. St. Petersburg, Piter Publ., 2003. 416 p.
Nalchadzhyan A. O. Sotsial'no-psikhicheskaya adaptatsiya lichnosti (formy, mekhanizmy i strategiya) [Socio-psychological adaptation of the person: forms, mechanisms, and strategies]. Yerevan, AN Arm. SSR Publ., 1988. 264 p.
Osnitskii A. K. Determining characteristics of social adaptation. Psikhologiya i shkola – Psychology and School, 2004, no. 1, pp. 43–56 (in Russian).
Mel'nikova N. N. Diagnostika sotsial'no-psikhologicheskoi adaptatsii lichnosti [Diagnostics of socio-psychological adaptation of the person]. Chelyabinsk, South Ural State University Publ., 2004, pp. 30–33.