Abstract
Introduction. The study (a) addresses value hierarchy among different generations in modern Russia and (b) concentrates on how different generations perceive other groups of people and also people of their own age cohort. Different generations of modern Russia were the object of the study; their values became the subject of the study. The paper provides an analysis of various approaches to understanding the “generation” term. The novelty of the research lies in constructing models of how modern Russian generations perceive themselves and each other on the basis of value dispositions.
Methods. These were M. Rokich’s “Value Orientation” technique, the author’s questionnaire for identifying how generations perceive each other, and the author’s questionnaire for revealing values declared by culture. The study involved 100 people (40 men and 60 women born between 1948 and 1997).
Results. The statistical analysis revealed a hierarchy of values for each of the three studied generations. Significant differences in the hierarchies and mutual perception of generations depend on value orientations. Respondents with greater age difference differed the most. Generations perceived each other according to values declared by culture in each group of respondents.
Discussion. Cultural and socio-psychological fundamentals for the formation of generational groups, describing a generational “gap” in transmission of values, helped to interpret the results.The results confirmed the logic of K. Mannheim, M. Mead, E. Toffler, and also recent studies. The value intergenerational gap predicts reduction in age limits to 10–15 years within a single generational cohort. Differences in basic values, attitude to family, work, material and civic values determine how generations perceive each other and also the value gap. Generational groups perceive each other being guided by these values.
References
Klyuchevskii V. O. Eugene Onegin and his forefathers. In: Soch.: v 9 t. [Works: in 9 volumes]. Moscow, Mysl' Publ., 1990, V. 9, pp. 84–101.
Elias N. O protsesse tsivilizatsii. Sotsiogeneticheskie i psikhogeneticheskie issledovaniya. T. 1. Izmeneniya v povedenii vysshego sloya miryan v stranakh Zapada [The civilizing process: Sociogenetic and psychogenetic investigations. V. 1: Changes in the behaviour of the secular upper classes in the West]. Moscow, Universitetskaya kniga Publ., 2001. 332 p.
Ivanov V. A. Genetika [Genetics]. Moscow, Akademkniga Publ., 2006. 643 p.
Levada Yu. A. Sochineniya: izbrannoe: sotsiologicheskie ocherki, 2000–2005 [Selected works: sociological essays, 2000–2005]. Moscow, Karpov E. V. Publ., 2011. 507 p.
Glotov M. B. Generation as a sociological category. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya – Sociological Studies, 2004, no. 10, pp. 42–49 (in Russian).
Mironov V. V. Filosofiya i metamorfozy kul'tury [Philosophy and metamorphoses of culture]. Moscow, Sovremennye tetradi Publ., 2005. 424 p.
Bagdasar'yan N. G. Kul'turologiya [Culturology]. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola Publ., 2001. 511 p.
Pishchik V. I. Generation: A socio-psychological analysis of mentality. Sotsial'naya psikhologiya i obshchestvo – Social Psychology and Society, 2011, no. 2, pp. 80–88 (in Russian).
Strauss W., Howe N. The fourth turning: An American prophecy what the cycles of history tell us about America's next rendezvous with destiny. N. Y., Broadway Books, 1997. 400 p.
Leont'ev A. N., Sokolova E. E. (ed.) Lektsii po obshchei psikhologii [Lectures on general psychology]. Moscow, Smysl Publ., 2000. 509 p.
Van Hiel A., Mervielde I., De Fruyt F. Stagnation and generativity: Structure, validity and differential relationships with adaptive and maladaptive personality. Journal of Personality, 2006, V. 74, Issue 2, pp. 543–574. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00384.x
Twenge J. M., Campbell S. M. Generational differences in psychological traits and their impact on the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 2009, V. 23, Issue 8, pp. 862–877. DOI: 10.1108/02683940810904367
Gilleard C., Higgs P. Contexts of ageing: class, cohort and community. Cambridge, Polity Press, 2005. 224 p.
Andreeva G. M. Sotsial'naya psikhologiya [Social psychology]. Moscow, Aspekt Press Publ., 2001. 384 p.
Emel'yanova T. P. The phenomenon of collective feelings in the psychology of large social groups. Social and Economic Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2016, V. 1, no. 1. Available at: http://soc-econom-psychology.ru/engine/documents/document195.pdf (Accessed 16 January 2017).
Mid M., Kon I. S. (ed.) Kul'tura i mir detstva [Culture and the world of childhood]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1988. 429 p.
Sochivko D. V. The problem of fragmentation of intergenerational social estrangement of youth in modern Russia. Mir psikhologii – The World of Psychology, 2009, no. 3 (59), pp. 185–194 (in Russian).
Zernov D. V. Romantic and pessimistic tendencies in value orientations among young people of various generations. Vestnik of Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, 2014, no. 2 (34), pp. 47–53 (in Russian).
Lisovskii V. T. Dukhovnyi mir i tsennostnye orientatsii molodezhi Rossii [Spiritual world and value orientations among Russian youth]. St. Petersburg, SPbGUP Publ., 2000. 508 p.
Pishchik V. I., Gavrilova A. V., Sivrikova N. V. Styles of intergenerational pedagogical interaction between teachers and students of different generational groups. Rossiiskii psikhologicheskii zhurnal – Russian Psychological Journal, 2016, V. 13, no. 3, pp. 245–264 (in Russian).
Rean A. A. A family in the structure of values of young people. Rossiiskii psikhologicheskii zhurnal – Russian Psychological Journal, 2017, V. 14, no. 1, pp. 62–78 (in Russian).
Poznyakov V. P., Nikulo E. A. Value orientations in entrepreneurs with different levels of a responsible attitude to the participants of business interaction. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal, 2016, V. 37, no. 1, pp. 79–88 (in Russian).
Rikel' A. M., Tychinina M. I. Intergeneration differences in the strategies of interpersonal relations. Psychological Research, 2017, V. 10, no. 51, p. 9. Available at: http://psystudy.ru (Accessed 01 October 2017).
Isaeva M. I. Crisis and rise generations in W. Strauss and N. Howe’s theory. Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie – Knowledge. Understanding. Skill, 2011, no. 3, pp. 290–295 (in Russian).
Toffler A. Future shock [Russ. ed.: Toffler E. Shok budushchego. Moscow, AST Publ., 2008. 560 p.).
Inglehart R., Welzel Ch. Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: The human development sequence. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005. 344 p.
Sun J., Wang X. Value differences between generations in China: A study in Shanghai. Journal of Youth Studies, 2010, V. 13, no. 1, pp. 65–81.
Tsunokai G., Ksopowa A., Adams M. Racial preferences in Internet Dating: a comparison of four birth cohorts. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 2009, V. 33, no. 1, pp. 1–15.
Howe N., Strauss W. Generations: The history of America’s future, 1584–2069. New York, William Morrow & Company, 1991. 538 p.