Abstract
Introduction. Mechanisms and factors for psychoactive substance dependence and also psychological methods for its treatment and prevention have been widely researched. However, early diagnostics and prevention of psychoactive substance dependence among schoolchildren remain important today. The paper presents the results of the study of (a) categoricity in self-estimation and estimation of other people and situations in adolescents using drugs and (b) its relationship with other psychological risk factors for involvement in drug use. Categorical answers indicate the way of thinking when a person makes conclusions before considering all the possible alternatives. Such a way of thinking derives from difficulties in voluntary regulation with insufficient regard for possible solutions and future prospects. The present study is the first attempt to reveal associations among categoricity and psychological risk factors for involvement in drug use.
Methods. The participants comprised 108 high school students using drugs, 637 high school students from various regions of Russia, and 540 middle school students. A methodical complex of psychological diagnostics of risk factors for adolescent involvement in drug use was employed in the study.
Results. High school students’ categorical estimates indicated the risk of drug use and were associated with difficulties in voluntary regulation with unwillingness to plan the future and consider the alternatives in the clinical group. A defensive strategy of answers manifested itself in the association among categoricalness, overestimation of voluntary self-regulation, and denial of problems. On the contrary, the association between categoricity and accepting difficulties characterized an open strategy of answers when using drugs. High school students in the control groups had no such associations.
Discussion. Categorical answers can be a nonspecific criterion for assessing the risk of drug involvement among high school students.
References
Yaltonskii V. M. Koping-povedenie zdorovykh i bol'nykh narkomaniei [Coping behavior in drug addicts and healthy persons]. Diss. Dr. Sci. (Med.). St. Petersburg, 1995.
McIntosh J., McKeganey N. Identity and recovery from dependent drug use: the addict's perspective. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 2001, V. 8, Issue 1, pp. 47–59. DOI: 10.1080/09687630124064
Best D., Lubman D. The recovery paradigm: A model of hope and change for alcohol and drug addiction. Australian Family Physician, 2012, V. 41, pp. 593–597.
Burrow-Sanchez J. J. Understanding adolescent substance abuse: Prevalence, risks factors, and clinical implications. Journal of Consulting Development, 2006. V. 84, pp. 283–290. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00407.x
Litvinova O. S., Kalinovskaya M. V. Adolescent drug addiction and chronic alcoholism in the Russian Federation in 2011–2015 (socio-hygienic monitoring). Toksikologicheskii vestnik – Toxicological Review, 2017, V. 146, Issue 5, pp. 8–13 (in Russian).
Foster M., Nathan S., Ferry M. The experience of drug-dependent adolescents in a therapeutic community. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2010, V. 29, pp. 531–539. DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00169.x
Hser Y. I., Grella C. E., Hubbard R. L., Hsieh S. C., Fletcher B. W., Brown B. S., Anglin M. D. An evaluation of drug treatments for adolescents in 4 US cities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2001, V. 58, pp. 689–695. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.7.689
Pienaar K., Fraser S., Kokanovic R., Moore D., Treloar C., Dunlop A. New narratives, new selves: Complicating addiction in online alcohol and other drug resources. Addiction Research and Theory, 2015, V. 23, Issue 6, pp. 499–509. DOI: 10.3109/16066359.2015.1040002
Patton G. C., Viner R. Adolescent health 1: Pubertal transitions in health. Lancet, 2007, V. 369, pp. 1130–1139. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60366-3
Demenko E. G., Rasskazova E. I., Tkhostov A. Sh. Psychological diagnostics of risk factors for adolescent involvement in drug use: a methodological complex. Part 2: Criterion validity of the scales and profile analysis. Obozrenie psikhiatrii i meditsinskoi psikhologii imeni V. M. Bekhtereva – Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 2018 (in press).
Shin S. H., Chung Y., Jeon S.-M. Impulsivity and substance use in young adulthood. The American Journal on Addictions, 2013, V. 22, pp. 39–45. DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00324.x
Verdejo-Garcia A., Bechara A., Recknor E. C., et al. Negative emotion-driven impulsivity predicts substance dependence problems. Drug Alcohol Dependence, 2007, V. 91, pp. 213–219.
Shah F. S., Shah M., Ghouri S. Personality profile of psychoactive substance use presenting to a tertiary care hospital. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute, 2016, V. 30, Issue 2, pp. 155–159.
Jesús Gázquez J., del Carmen Pérez-Fuentes M., del Mar Molero M., Barragán Martín A. B., Marios Martínez A., Sánchez-Marchán C. Drug use in adolescents in relation to social support and reactive and proactive aggressive behavior. Psicothema, 2016, V. 28, Issue 3, pp. 318–322. DOI: 10.7334/psicothema2015.327
Chuang C.-W. I., Sussman S., Stone M. D., Pang R. D., Chou C.-P., Leventhal A. M., Kirkpatrick M. G. Impulsivity and history of behavioral addictions are associated with drug use in adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 2017, V. 74, pp. 41–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.021
Reiter M. D. Substance abuse and the family. London, Routledge, 2014. 274 p.
Bidwell L. C., Knopik V. S., Audrain-McGovern J., Glynn T. R., Spillane N. S., Ray L. A., Riggs N. R., Guillot C. R., Pang R. D., Leventhal A. M. Novelty seeking as a phenotypic marker of adolescent substance use. Substance Abuse: Research & Treatment, 2015, V. 9, Suppl. 1, pp. 1–10. DOI: 10.4137/SART.S22440
Kong G., Smith A. E., McMahon T. J., Cavallo D. A., Schepis T. S., Desai R. A., Potenza M. N, Krishnan-Sarin S. Pubertal status, sensation-seeking, impulsivity, and substance use in high school-aged boys and girls. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 2013, V. 7, Issue 2, pp. 116–121. DOI: 10.1097/ADM.0b013e31828230ca
Tellegen A., Ben-Porath Y. S., McNulty J. L., Arbisi P. A., Graham J. R., & Kaemmer B. The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical scales: Development, validation, and interpretation. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2008. 116 p.
Beck A., Rush A., Show B., Emery G. Cognitive therapy of depression (Russ. ed.: Bek A., Rash A., Sho B., Emeri G. Kognitivnaya terapiya depressii. St. Petersburg, Piter Publ., 2003. 304 p.).
Beck J. S. Cognitive therapy for challenging problems: what to do when basics don't work. New York, Guilford Press, 2005. 324 p.
Garety P. A., Freeman D., Jolley S., Ross K., Waller H., Dunn G. Jumping to conclusions: the psychology of delusional reasoning. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 2011, V. 17, pp. 332–339. DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.114.3.373
Rasskazova E. I., Tkhostov A. Sh., Enikolopov S. N., Kovrov G. V., Palatov S. Yu., Lebedev M. A., Izotova E. A. Incoherence in assessing other people, events, and self-assessment in health and disease. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal, 2017, V. 38, no. 2, pp. 75–85 (in Russian).
Demenko E. G., Rasskazova E. I., Tkhostov A. Sh. Psychological diagnostics of risk factors for adolescent involvement in drug use: elaborating methodological complex. Part 1. The structure of scales and psychometric characteristics. Obozrenie psikhiatrii i meditsinskoi psikhologii imeni V. M. Bekhtereva – Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 2018 (in press).
Loevinger J. Measuring ego development. San-Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1996. 504 p.
Harter S. The self. In: N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (eds.) Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development. Hoboken, Wiley, 2006, pp. 505–570.
Troyanovskaya P. A Parent-Child Relationship in Adolescence technique: a parent through a teenager’s. Semeinaya psikhologiya i semeinaya terapiya – Family Psychology and Family Therapy, 2003, no. 3, pp. 17–21 (in Russian).
Griffiths M. A “components” model of addiction within biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 2005, V. 10, Issue 4, pp. 191–197. DOI: 10.1080/14659890500114359
King D., Delfabbro P., Griffiths M. The psychological study of video game players: methodological challenges and practical advice. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2009, V. 7, pp. 555–562. DOI: 10.1007/s11469-016-9726-7