Abstract
This paper analyzes results of foreign researches of assertive behavior concerning its connection with the subject’s appeal, his/her locus of control, self-determination and decision-making.
It is established that people with high assertiveness make themselves known in a positive vein in comparison with people with low assertiveness; they estimate the level of their own comfort, the benefit to society and importance of assertive behavior higher. Their evaluation of their own appearance significantly influences assertiveness of individuals: if it is high, it improves assertiveness; if it is low, it lowers it.
Women’s perception of assertive behavior may differ from men’s perception of assertive behavior. Women with high assertiveness are estimated as less attractive, in comparison with women with average assertiveness; they obtain the lowest estimates from female examinees. Estimates of women’s assertiveness by men who were potential dating partners were positive contrary to inconveniences which women can experience because of their assertive behavior in business and professional situations. Internals behave more assertively than externals, and this interrelation is highly significant for men.
The author confirms the connection between self-determination of learners and assertiveness as a whole and with its components: persistence and greater initiative. Statistically significant correlations between assertiveness and quality of life, self- determination, self-efficiency are revealed.
Individuals with high assertiveness cope better with recognition of a situation and orientation in a problem, with finding optimal decisions; they are sure that they can find them better than others. Assertive individuals have shown higher motivation
to criticism, than not assertive individuals, and highly assertive persons have stated their abilities to criticism and its usefulness more surely. The author has offered a reliable and valid technique of measuring assertiveness.
References
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Шейнов В. П. Ассертивность и психологическое здоровье // Материалы научной конференции «Ананьевские чтения – 2013». – СПб., 2013. – С. 371–373.
Шейнов В. П. Возрастные и гендерные факторы ассертивности // Системная психология и социология. – 2014. – No 10.
Шейнов В. П. Разработка теста ассертивности, удовлетворяющего требованиям надежности и валидности // Вопросы психологии. – 2014. – No 2. – С. 107–116.
Alberti R. E., Emmous M. L. Your perfect right. – California: Impact, 2001.
Alden L., Cappe R. Nonassertiveness: Skill deficit or selection evaluation? // Behavior Therapy. – 1981. – no. 12. – pp. 107–114.
Alisinanoğlu F. Çocukların denetim odağı ile algıladıkları anne tutumları arasındaki iliş kinin incelenmesi. [A study on the relationship between childrens’ locus of control and the perception of mother attitudes] // Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. – 2003. – no. 1. – pp. 97–107.
Appelbaum A. S., Tuma J. M., Johnson J. H. Internal-external control and assertiveness of subjects high and low in social desirability // Psychol. Report. – 1975. – 37. – pp. 319–322.
Bloom L. Z., Coburn K., Pearlman J. The New Assertive Woman. – N. Y.: Dell, 1976.
Broverman I. K., Broverman D. M., Clarkson F. E. Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health // J. Consult. and Clin. Psychol. – 1970. – no. 30. – pp. 1–7.
Bruch M. A. A task analysis of assertive behavior revisited: Replication and extension // Behavior Therapy. – 1981. – no. 12. – pp. 217–230.
Buluş M. Ergen öğrencilerde denetim odağı ve yalnızlık düzeyi ilişkisi [The relationship between locus of control and loneliness level in adolescents]. İzmir: Dokuz Ey-lul University, 1996.
Campbell L., Simpson J. A., Boldry J. G. Perceptions of conflict and support in romantic relationships: The role of attachment anxiety // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. – 2005. – no. 88. – pp. 510–531.
Chesler P. Women and Madness. – N. Y.: Doubleday, 1972.
Chiauzzi E., Heimberg R. G. Legitimacy of request and social problem solving: A study of assertive and nonassertive subjects // Behavior Modification. – 1986. – no. 10. – pp. 3–18.
Cooley E. L., Nowicki J. S. Locus of control and assertiveness in male and female college students // The Journal of Psychology. – 1984. – no. 117. – pp. 85–87.
Cooley M. L. Interests of assertiveness trainees // Journal of Counseling Psychology. – 1979. – no. 26. – pp. 173–175.
Costrich N., Feinstein J., Kidder L. When stereotypes hurt: Three studies of penalties for sex-role reversals // J. Exper. Soc. Psychol. – 1975. – no. 11. – pp. 520–530.
Davis W. L., Phares E. J. Internal-external control as a determinant of information-seeking in a social influence situation // J. Personal. – 1967. – no. 35. – pp. 547–561.
Diener E., Suh E. M., Lucas R. E. Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress // Psychological Bulletin. – 1999. – 125. – pp. 276–302.
Eisler A. M., Hersen M., Miller P. M. Situational determinants of assertive behaviours // J. Consult. and Clin. Psychol. – 1975. – no. 43. – pp. 330–340.
Ellis L. J., Bentler P. M. Traditional sex-determined role standarts and sex stereotypes // J. Personal and Soc. Psychology. – 1973. – 25. – pp. 28–34.
Fiedler D., Beach I. R. On the decision to be assertive // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. – 1978. – no. 46. – pp. 537–546.
Goldberg P. Are women prejudiced against women? // Transaction. – 1968. – no. 5. – pp. 28–30.
Guay F., Sene ́cal C., Gauthier L. Predicting career indecision: A self-determination theory perspective // Journal of Counseling Psychology. – 2003. – no. 50. – pp. 165–177.
Hardre P. L., Reeve J. A motivational model of rural students’ intentions to persist in, versus drop out of, high school // Journal of Educational Psychology. – 2003. – no. 95. – pp. 347–356.
Hartwig W. H., Dickson A. L., Anderson H. N. Locus of control and assertion // Psychol. Report. – 1980. – no. 46. – pp. 1345–1346.
Heimberg R. G., Chiauzzi E., Becker R. E. Cognitive mediation of assertive behavior: An analysis of the self-statement patterns of college students, psychiatric patients, and normal adults // Cognitive Therapy and Research. – 1983. – no. 7. – pp. 455–463.
Hess E. P., Bridgwater C. A., Bornstein P. H. Situational determinants in the perception of assertiveness: Gender-related influences // Behav. Ther. – 1980. – no. 11. – pp. 49–58.
Hull D. B., Schroeder H. E. Some interpersonal effects of assertion, non-assertion, and aggression // Behav. Ther. – 1979. – no. 1. – pp. 20–28.
Ikiz F. E. Self-perceptions about properties affecting assertiveness of trainee counselors // Social Behavior and Personality. – 2011. – no. 39 (2). – pp. 199–206.
Jackson D. J., Huston T. L. Physical attractiveness and assertiveness // The Journal of Social Psychology. – 1975. – no. 96. – pp. 79–84.
Lao R. C., Upchurch W. H., Corwin B. J. Biased attitudes toward females as indicated by ratings of intelligence and likability // Psychol. Report. – 1975. – no. 37. – pp. 1315–1320.
Lipton D. N., Nelson R. O. The contribution of initiation behaviors to dating frequency // Behav. Therapy. – 1980. – no. 11. – pp. 59–67.
Mortesen C. D. Optimal human relations: The search for a good life. – New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2008.
Nota L., Soresi S., Ferrari L. A Multivariate Analysis of the Self-Determination of Adolescents // Journal of Happiness Studies. – 2011. – Vol. 12. – no. 2. – pp. 245–266.
Nota L., Soresi S., Ferrari L. “Quanta fiducia ho in me?” Validazione di uno strumento per l’analisi delle credenze di efficacia a proposito della gestione delle decisioni scolastico-professionali [“How much confidence do I have in myself?” An instrument for the analysis of school-career selfefficacy] // Testing Psicometria Metodologia. – 2005. – no. 12. – pp. 35–54.
Pendleton L. Attraction responses to female assertiveness in heterosexual social interactions // The Journal of Psychology. – 1982. – no. 111. – pp. 57–65.
Phares E. J. Differential utilization of information as a function of internal-external control // J. Personal. – 1968. – no. 36. – pp. 649–662.
Pheterson G., Kiesler S., Goldberg P. Evaluation of the performance of women as a function of their sex, achievement, and personal history // J. Personal. and Soc. Pychol. – 1971. – no. 19. – pp. 114–118.
Piccinin S., McCarrey M., Fairweather D. Impact of Situational Legitimacy and Assertiveness-related Anxiety Discomfort on Motivation and Ability to Generate Effective Criticism Responses // Current Psychology: Developmental 9. Learning Personality. Social Spring. – 1998. – Vol. 17. – no. 1. – pp. 75–92.
Piccinin S., McCarrey M., Weiburn K. Impact of treatment adherence intervention on a social skills program targeting criticism behaviors // Canadian Journal of Counselling. – 1992. – no. 26. – pp. 107–121.
Piccinin S., McCarrey M., Welburn K. J. Short versus long term gains of a cognitive-behavioralsocial skills program targeting the giving and receiving of criticism // Current Psychology: Research & Reviews. – 1990. – no. 9. – pp. 385–395.
Rathus S. A. A 30-item schedule for assessing behavior // Behavior Therapy. – 1973. – 4. – pp. 298–406.
Replogle W. H., O’Bannon R. M., McCullough P. W. Locus of control and assertive behavior // Psychol. Report. – 1980. – no. 47. – pp. 769–770.
Rich A. R., Schroeder H. E. Research issues in assertiveness training // Psychol. Bull. – 1976. – 83. – pp. 1081–1096.
Rosenkrantz P., Vogel S., Bee H. Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students // J. Consult. Clin. and Psychol. – 1968. – no. 32. – pp. 1081–1096.
Ryan R. M., Deci E. L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being // American Psychologist. – 2000. – no. 55. – pp. 68–78.
Seeman M., Evans J. W. Alienation and learning in a hospital setting // Amer. Sociolog. Rev. – 1962. – 27. – pp. 772–783.
Serin N. B., ve Derin R. İlkö ğretim öğrencilerinin kişilera-rası problem çözme becerisi algıları ve denetim odağı düzeylerini et-kileyen faktörler [The factors affecting primary school students’ perceptions of interpersonal problem solving skills and the levels of locus of control] // Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi. – 2008. – no. 8. – pp. 1–18.
Soenens B., Vansteenkiste M. Antecedents and outcomes of self-determination in three life domains: The role of parents’ and teachers’ autonomy support // Journal of Youth and Adolescence. – 2005. – no. 34. – pp. 589–604.
Spence J. T., Helmreich R., Strapp J. Ratings of self and peers on sex-role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity // J. Personal. & Soc. Psychol. – 1975. – 32. – pp. 29–39.
Tegin B. Üniversite öğrencilerinin atılganlık davranış ve eğilimlerinin cinsiyet ve fakülte değişkenleri açısından incelenmesi [Analyzing assertiveness level of university students through gender and other variables] // Psikoloji Dergisi. – 1990. – no. 7. – pp. 21–31.
Uzun D. Resmi ve özel okulöncesi eğitim kurumlarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin özsaygı ve denetim odağı aras ındaki ilişkilerin karşılaştırılması [Comparison of relations between self-esteem and locus of control for teachers in public and private preschool education]. – Ankara: Hacettepe University, 2002.
Шейнов В. П. Ассертивность и психологическое здоровье // Материалы научной конференции «Ананьевские чтения – 2013». – СПб., 2013. – С. 371–373.
Шейнов В. П. Возрастные и гендерные факторы ассертивности // Системная психология и социология. – 2014. – No 10.
Шейнов В. П. Разработка теста ассертивности, удовлетворяющего требованиям надежности и валидности // Вопросы психологии. – 2014. – No 2. – С. 107–116.
Alberti R. E., Emmous M. L. Your perfect right. – California: Impact, 2001.
Alden L., Cappe R. Nonassertiveness: Skill deficit or selection evaluation? // Behavior Therapy. – 1981. – no. 12. – pp. 107–114.
Alisinanoğlu F. Çocukların denetim odağı ile algıladıkları anne tutumları arasındaki iliş kinin incelenmesi. [A study on the relationship between childrens’ locus of control and the perception of mother attitudes] // Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. – 2003. – no. 1. – pp. 97–107.
Appelbaum A. S., Tuma J. M., Johnson J. H. Internal-external control and assertiveness of subjects high and low in social desirability // Psychol. Report. – 1975. – 37. – pp. 319–322.
Bloom L. Z., Coburn K., Pearlman J. The New Assertive Woman. – N. Y.: Dell, 1976.
Broverman I. K., Broverman D. M., Clarkson F. E. Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health // J. Consult. and Clin. Psychol. – 1970. – no. 30. – pp. 1–7.
Bruch M. A. A task analysis of assertive behavior revisited: Replication and extension // Behavior Therapy. – 1981. – no. 12. – pp. 217–230.
Buluş M. Ergen öğrencilerde denetim odağı ve yalnızlık düzeyi ilişkisi [The relationship between locus of control and loneliness level in adolescents]. İzmir: Dokuz Ey-lul University, 1996.
Campbell L., Simpson J. A., Boldry J. G. Perceptions of conflict and support in romantic relationships: The role of attachment anxiety // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. – 2005. – no. 88. – pp. 510–531.
Chesler P. Women and Madness. – N. Y.: Doubleday, 1972.
Chiauzzi E., Heimberg R. G. Legitimacy of request and social problem solving: A study of assertive and nonassertive subjects // Behavior Modification. – 1986. – no. 10. – pp. 3–18.
Cooley E. L., Nowicki J. S. Locus of control and assertiveness in male and female college students // The Journal of Psychology. – 1984. – no. 117. – pp. 85–87.
Cooley M. L. Interests of assertiveness trainees // Journal of Counseling Psychology. – 1979. – no. 26. – pp. 173–175.
Costrich N., Feinstein J., Kidder L. When stereotypes hurt: Three studies of penalties for sex-role reversals // J. Exper. Soc. Psychol. – 1975. – no. 11. – pp. 520–530.
Davis W. L., Phares E. J. Internal-external control as a determinant of information-seeking in a social influence situation // J. Personal. – 1967. – no. 35. – pp. 547–561.
Diener E., Suh E. M., Lucas R. E. Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress // Psychological Bulletin. – 1999. – 125. – pp. 276–302.
Eisler A. M., Hersen M., Miller P. M. Situational determinants of assertive behaviours // J. Consult. and Clin. Psychol. – 1975. – no. 43. – pp. 330–340.
Ellis L. J., Bentler P. M. Traditional sex-determined role standarts and sex stereotypes // J. Personal and Soc. Psychology. – 1973. – 25. – pp. 28–34.
Fiedler D., Beach I. R. On the decision to be assertive // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. – 1978. – no. 46. – pp. 537–546.
Goldberg P. Are women prejudiced against women? // Transaction. – 1968. – no. 5. – pp. 28–30.
Guay F., Sene ́cal C., Gauthier L. Predicting career indecision: A self-determination theory perspective // Journal of Counseling Psychology. – 2003. – no. 50. – pp. 165–177.
Hardre P. L., Reeve J. A motivational model of rural students’ intentions to persist in, versus drop out of, high school // Journal of Educational Psychology. – 2003. – no. 95. – pp. 347–356.
Hartwig W. H., Dickson A. L., Anderson H. N. Locus of control and assertion // Psychol. Report. – 1980. – no. 46. – pp. 1345–1346.
Heimberg R. G., Chiauzzi E., Becker R. E. Cognitive mediation of assertive behavior: An analysis of the self-statement patterns of college students, psychiatric patients, and normal adults // Cognitive Therapy and Research. – 1983. – no. 7. – pp. 455–463.
Hess E. P., Bridgwater C. A., Bornstein P. H. Situational determinants in the perception of assertiveness: Gender-related influences // Behav. Ther. – 1980. – no. 11. – pp. 49–58.
Hull D. B., Schroeder H. E. Some interpersonal effects of assertion, non-assertion, and aggression // Behav. Ther. – 1979. – no. 1. – pp. 20–28.
Ikiz F. E. Self-perceptions about properties affecting assertiveness of trainee counselors // Social Behavior and Personality. – 2011. – no. 39 (2). – pp. 199–206.
Jackson D. J., Huston T. L. Physical attractiveness and assertiveness // The Journal of Social Psychology. – 1975. – no. 96. – pp. 79–84.
Lao R. C., Upchurch W. H., Corwin B. J. Biased attitudes toward females as indicated by ratings of intelligence and likability // Psychol. Report. – 1975. – no. 37. – pp. 1315–1320.
Lipton D. N., Nelson R. O. The contribution of initiation behaviors to dating frequency // Behav. Therapy. – 1980. – no. 11. – pp. 59–67.
Mortesen C. D. Optimal human relations: The search for a good life. – New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2008.
Nota L., Soresi S., Ferrari L. A Multivariate Analysis of the Self-Determination of Adolescents // Journal of Happiness Studies. – 2011. – Vol. 12. – no. 2. – pp. 245–266.
Nota L., Soresi S., Ferrari L. “Quanta fiducia ho in me?” Validazione di uno strumento per l’analisi delle credenze di efficacia a proposito della gestione delle decisioni scolastico-professionali [“How much confidence do I have in myself?” An instrument for the analysis of school-career selfefficacy] // Testing Psicometria Metodologia. – 2005. – no. 12. – pp. 35–54.
Pendleton L. Attraction responses to female assertiveness in heterosexual social interactions // The Journal of Psychology. – 1982. – no. 111. – pp. 57–65.
Phares E. J. Differential utilization of information as a function of internal-external control // J. Personal. – 1968. – no. 36. – pp. 649–662.
Pheterson G., Kiesler S., Goldberg P. Evaluation of the performance of women as a function of their sex, achievement, and personal history // J. Personal. and Soc. Pychol. – 1971. – no. 19. – pp. 114–118.
Piccinin S., McCarrey M., Fairweather D. Impact of Situational Legitimacy and Assertiveness-related Anxiety Discomfort on Motivation and Ability to Generate Effective Criticism Responses // Current Psychology: Developmental 9. Learning Personality. Social Spring. – 1998. – Vol. 17. – no. 1. – pp. 75–92.
Piccinin S., McCarrey M., Weiburn K. Impact of treatment adherence intervention on a social skills program targeting criticism behaviors // Canadian Journal of Counselling. – 1992. – no. 26. – pp. 107–121.
Piccinin S., McCarrey M., Welburn K. J. Short versus long term gains of a cognitive-behavioralsocial skills program targeting the giving and receiving of criticism // Current Psychology: Research & Reviews. – 1990. – no. 9. – pp. 385–395.
Rathus S. A. A 30-item schedule for assessing behavior // Behavior Therapy. – 1973. – 4. – pp. 298–406.
Replogle W. H., O’Bannon R. M., McCullough P. W. Locus of control and assertive behavior // Psychol. Report. – 1980. – no. 47. – pp. 769–770.
Rich A. R., Schroeder H. E. Research issues in assertiveness training // Psychol. Bull. – 1976. – 83. – pp. 1081–1096.
Rosenkrantz P., Vogel S., Bee H. Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students // J. Consult. Clin. and Psychol. – 1968. – no. 32. – pp. 1081–1096.
Ryan R. M., Deci E. L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being // American Psychologist. – 2000. – no. 55. – pp. 68–78.
Seeman M., Evans J. W. Alienation and learning in a hospital setting // Amer. Sociolog. Rev. – 1962. – 27. – pp. 772–783.
Serin N. B., ve Derin R. İlkö ğretim öğrencilerinin kişilera-rası problem çözme becerisi algıları ve denetim odağı düzeylerini et-kileyen faktörler [The factors affecting primary school students’ perceptions of interpersonal problem solving skills and the levels of locus of control] // Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi. – 2008. – no. 8. – pp. 1–18.
Soenens B., Vansteenkiste M. Antecedents and outcomes of self-determination in three life domains: The role of parents’ and teachers’ autonomy support // Journal of Youth and Adolescence. – 2005. – no. 34. – pp. 589–604.
Spence J. T., Helmreich R., Strapp J. Ratings of self and peers on sex-role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity // J. Personal. & Soc. Psychol. – 1975. – 32. – pp. 29–39.
Tegin B. Üniversite öğrencilerinin atılganlık davranış ve eğilimlerinin cinsiyet ve fakülte değişkenleri açısından incelenmesi [Analyzing assertiveness level of university students through gender and other variables] // Psikoloji Dergisi. – 1990. – no. 7. – pp. 21–31.
Uzun D. Resmi ve özel okulöncesi eğitim kurumlarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin özsaygı ve denetim odağı aras ındaki ilişkilerin karşılaştırılması [Comparison of relations between self-esteem and locus of control for teachers in public and private preschool education]. – Ankara: Hacettepe University, 2002.