Abstract
Introduction. The paper (a) discusses psychological and physiological conditions of motherhood among women at risk of postnatal depression, (b) overviews studies on depression risk factors, and (c) presents the results of the original study. This research concentrates on mothers’ views of their own experience of motherhood and also their personality traits. The present study develops and validates diagnostic tools for identifying women at risk of depression.
Methods. The study employed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Beck Depression Inventory, and the author’s questionnaire on motherhood conditions.
Results. The study involved mothers (n = 151) of babies under one year old. The conducted study helped to reveal a group of women at risk of postnatal depression. Sleep-deprived mothers (sleeping less than 7 hours per day) not feeling a constant support from their husbands fell into this risk group. The risk group mothers underwent a difficult labor; they had unrealistic expectations of motherhood.
Discussion. The following factors determine the risks of postnatal depression: (a) a woman’s expectations of motherhood, (b) her views of parenthood realities, (c) the context of marital relations, and (d) psychological conditions of parenthood. The research findings can be readily used in practice.
References
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Schoppe-Sullivan S. J., Settle T., Lee J.-K., Kamp Dush C. M. Supportive Coparenting Relationships as a Haven of Psychological Safety at the Transition to Parenthood // Research in Human Development. – 2016. – Vol. 13, Issue 1. – P. 32–48. DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2016.1141281
Fuggle P., Glover L., Khan F., Haydon K. Screening for postnatal depression in Bengali women: Preliminary observations from using a translated version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) // Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. – 2002. – Vol. 20, № 2. – P. 71–82.
Green K., Broome H., Mirabella J. Postnatal depression among mothers in the United Arab Emirates: Socio-cultural and physical factors // Psychology, Health & Medicine. – 2006. – Vol. 11, № 4. – P. 425–431. DOI: 10.1080/13548500600678164
Boath E., Henshaw C. The treatment of postnatal depression: A comprehensive literature review // Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. – 2001. – Vol. 19, № 3. – P. 215–248. DOI: 10.1080/02646830120073224
McMahon C., Boivin J., Gibson F. L., Hammarberg K., Wynter L., Fisher J. Older maternal age and major depressive episodes in the first two years after birth: Findings from the Parental Age and Transition to Parenthood Australia (PATPA) study // Journal of Affective Disorders. – 2015. – Vol. 175. – P. 454–462. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.025
Bell A. F., Andersson E. The birth experience and women's postnatal depression: A systematic review // Midwifery. – 2016. – Vol. 39. – P. 112–123. DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2016.04.014
O’Hara M. W., Wisner K. L. Perinatal mental illness: definition, description and etiology // Best Practice & Research: Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. – 2014. – Vol. 28, Issue 1. – P. 3–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.09.002
Thompson K. D., Bendell D. Depressive cognitions, maternal attitudes and postnatal depression // Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. – 2014. – Vol. 32, Issue 1. – P. 70–82. DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2013.858312
Franck E., Vanderhasselt M.-A., Goubert L., Loeys T., Temmerman M., De Raedt R. The role of self-esteem instability in the development of postnatal depression: A prospective study testing a diathesis-stress account // Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry. – 2016. – Vol. 50. – P. 15–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.04.010
DeJong H., Fox E., Stein A. Rumination and postnatal depression: A systematic review and a cognitive model // Behaviour Research and Therapy. – 2016. – Vol. 82. – P. 38–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.05.003
Rutherford H. J. V., Wallace N. S., Laurent H. K., Mayes L. C. Emotion regulation in parenthood // Developmental Review. – 2015. – Vol. 36. – P. 1–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.008
Deater-Deckard K., Wang Z., Chen N., Bell M. A. Maternal executive function, harsh parenting, and child conduct problems // The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. – 2012. – Vol. 53, № 10. – P. 1084–1091. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02582.x
Wilkinson R. B., Mulcahy R. Attachment and interpersonal relationships in postnatal depression // Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. – 2010. – Vol. 28, Issue 3. – P. 252–265. DOI: 10.1080/02646831003587353
Якупова В. А. Психологические условия успешного освоения материнской роли // Консультативная психология и психотерапия. – 2017. – Т. 25, № 1. – С. 59–71. DOI: 10.17759/cpp.2017250105
Murray L., Cooper P. EDITORIAL: Postpartum depression and child development // Psychological Medicine. – 1997. – Vol. 27, Issue 2. – P. 253–260.
Murray L., Sinclair D., Cooper P., Ducournau P., Turner P., Stein A. The Socioemotional Development of 5-year-old Children of Postnatally Depressed Mothers // Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. – 1999. – Vol. 40, Issue 8. – P. 1259–1271. DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00542
Murray L. The Impact of Postnatal Depression on Infant Development // Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. – 1992. – Vol. 33, Issue 3. – P. 543–561. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x
Nolvi S., Karlsson L., Bridgett D. J., Pajulo M., Tolvanen M., Karlsson H. Maternal postnatal psychiatric symptoms and infant temperament affect early mother-infant bonding // Infant Behavior and Development. – 2016. – Vol. 43. – P. 13–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.03.003
Beestin L., Hugh-Jones S., Gough B. The impact of maternal postnatal depression on men and their ways of fathering: an interpretative phenomenological analysis // Psychology & Health. – 2014. – Vol. 29, Issue 6. – P. 717–735. DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2014.885523
Bielawska‐Batorowicz E., Kossakowska‐Petrycka K. Depressive mood in men after the birth of their offspring in relation to a partner's depression, social support, fathers' personality and prenatal expectations // Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. – 2006. – Vol. 24, Issue 1. – P. 21–29. DOI: 10.1080/02646830500475179
Beck A. T., Steer R. A., Garbin M. G. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation // Clinical Psychology Review. – 1988. – Vol. 8, Issue 1. – P. 77–100. DOI: 10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5
Cox J. L., Holden J. M., Sagovsky R. Detection of Postnatal Depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale // The British Journal of Psychiatry. – 1987. – Vol. 150, Issue 6. – P. 782–786. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782
Ильин Е. П. Эмоции и чувства. – СПб. : Питер, 2001. – 752 с.
Каппони В., Новак Т. Сам себе психолог. – СПб. : Питер, 1994. – 122 с.
Мазо Г. Э., Вассерман Л. И., Шаманина М. В. Выбор шкал для оценки послеродовой депрессии // Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии имени В. М. Бехтерева. – 2012. – № 2. – С. 41–50.
Muscat T., Thorpe K., Obst P. Disconfirmed expectations of infant behaviours and postnatal depressive symptoms among parents // Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. – 2012. – Vol. 30, Issue 1. – P. 51–61. – DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2012.670804
Saisto T., Salmela-Aro K., Nurmi J.-E., Halmesmäki E. Psychosocial predictors of disappointment with delivery and puerperal depression. A longitudinal study // Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. – 2001. – Vol. 80, Issue 1. – P. 39–45. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.800108.x
Mohammad K. I., Gamble J., Creedy D. K. Prevalence and factors associated with the development of antenatal and postnatal depression among Jordanian women // Midwifery. – 2011. – Vol. 27, Issue 6. – P. e238–e245. DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2010.10.008
Гурко Т. А. Трансформация брачно-семейных отношений // Россия: трансформирующееся общество / под ред. В. А. Ядова. – М. : КАНОН-пресс-Ц, 2001. – 640 с.
Schoppe-Sullivan S. J., Settle T., Lee J.-K., Kamp Dush C. M. Supportive Coparenting Relationships as a Haven of Psychological Safety at the Transition to Parenthood // Research in Human Development. – 2016. – Vol. 13, Issue 1. – P. 32–48. DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2016.1141281