Keywords
smartphone addiction
emotional intellect
self-confidence
behavior in conflict
social networking addiction
Belarusians
Russians
Abstract
Introduction. Smartphones have become one of the most important digital devices in modern life. Excessive smartphone use can be associated with negative emotions and other psychological problems. This study aims to identify the relationships between problematic smartphone use and emotional intelligence, self-confidence, conflict management modes and social networking addiction among Belarusian and Russian respondents, and to detect common and different characteristics in these relationships between the two analyzed samples. Methods. A total of 1448 respondents participated in the online survey (Belarusian respondents: n = 726; Russian respondents: n = 722). Diagnostic tools: (a) Short Version of the Smartphone Addiction Questionnaire by V.P. Sheinov, (b) Emotional Intelligence Test by N. Hall, (c) Self-Confidence Test by V. G. Romek, (d) Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (modified by N. V. Grishina), and (e) Social Networking Addiction Questionnaire, SNA-15 by V. P. Sheinov and A. S. Dziavitsyn). Results. 1) Problematic smartphone use is negatively associated with emotional intelligence and self-confidence in the samples of Belarusian and Russian respondents. 2) Conflict management modes are weakly correlated with problematic smartphone use (only the negative correlation between problematic smartphone use and collaboration among Russian women, as well as the positive correlation with avoidance in the overall Belarusian sample and in the sub-sample of Belarusian men are statistically significant). 3) Belarusian and Russian respondents showed significant correlations among all factors of problematic smartphone use (loss of self-control, fear of refusal to use a smartphone, and euphoria caused by smartphone use) and all factors of social network addiction (user psychological state, network user communication, and acquiring information). Discussion. Results can be used for preventive and corrective development activities to prevent problematic smartphone use among young people.
References
Alan, R., & Guzel, H. S. (2020). The investigation of the relationship between smartphone addiction, and problem-solving skills and ways of coping with stress. Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 33, 244–253. https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2020.00088
Alotaibi, M. S., Fox, M., Coman, R., & Ratan, Z. A. (2022). Perspectives and Experiences of Smartphone Overuse among University Students in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU), Saudi Arabia: A Qualitative Analysis. International Journal of Environ. Res. Public Health, 19(7), 4397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074397
Arrivillaga, C., Rey, L., & Extremera, N. (2020). Adolescents' problematic internet and smartphone use is related to suicide ideation: Does emotional intelligence make a difference? Computers in human behavior, 110, 106375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106375
Babak, M. V. (2021). Research of the experience of using smartphones in the educational process. Specifics of Pedagogical Education in Russian Regions, 1(14), 10-12. (in Russ.).
Csibi, S., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Szabo, A. (2021). Analysis of Problematic Smartphone Use Across Different Age Groups within the 'Components Model of Addiction'. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(3), 616–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00095-0
Choi, J. E., Seo, E. J., Lee, E. H., & Yoo, M. S. (2014). Addiction, Emotional Intelligence, and Self-control in College Students. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing, 21(1), 44–51.
Fetiskin, N. P., Kozlov, V. V., & Manuilov, G. M. (2002). Assessment of emotional intelligence (N. Hall) (2002). Socio-psychological diagnostics of the development of personality and small groups. Institute of Psychotherapy. (in Russ.).
Greben', N. F. (2007). Psychological tests for professionals. Sovremennaya shkola. (in Russ.).
Henning, C., Crane, A. G., Taylor, R. N. et al. (2021). Emotional Intelligence: Relevance and Implications for Addiction. Current Addiction Reports, 8, 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00356-w
Kim, S.-H., & Choi, Y.-N. (2017). Correlation between stress and smartphone addiction in healthcare related university students. Journal of Korean Society of Dental Hygiene. Korean Society of Dental Hygiene. https://doi.org/10.13065/jksdh.2017.17.01.27
Lee, J., Sung, M., Song, S. H. et al. (2018). Psychological factors associated with smartphone addiction in South Korean adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescent, 38(3), 288–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616670751
Lee, O. S., & Gu, H. J. (2018). Differences in Smartphone Addiction and Communcation Ability according to Emotional Intelligence in Nursing Students. Journal of Digital Convergence, 16(3), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2018.16.3.375
Lee, O. S., & Kim, M. J. (2017). The relationship among Smartphone addiction, Emotional intelligence, Critical thinking disposition and Communication skill for nursing students. Journal of Digital Convergence, 15(7), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2017.15.7.319
Lee, Y.-R., & Park, J.-S. (2018). A study on the Mediating Effect of Stress Coping Strategies in the Relationship between Emotional Empathy and Smartphone Addiction of University Students. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 9(2), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.15207/JKCS.2018.9.2.323
Lyusin, D. V. (2004). Modern ideas about emotional intelligence. Social intelligence: Theory, measurement, research. D. V. Lyusin, D. V. Ushakov (Eds.). Institute of Psychology RAS. (in Russ.).
Mahapatra, S. (2019). Smartphone addiction and associated consequences: Role of loneliness and self-regulation. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38, 833–844. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1560499
Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Barasade, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 507–536.
Men'shikov, V. V., Sutyagin, A. A., & Lisun, N. M. (2022). Possibilities of using a smartphone in an educational chemical experiment. Learning Experiment in Education, 1, 81–89. https://doi.org/10.51609/2079-875Х_2022_1_81 (in Russ.)
Minyurova, S. A., Basyuk, V. S., Brel', E. Yu., Vorob'eva, I. V., Kruzhkova, O. V., & Matveeva, A. I. (2021). Emotional intelligence of subjects of the educational environment amidst digitalization: Review of studies. Siberian Journal of Psychology, 82, 153–173. https://doi.org/10.17223/17267080/82/9 (in Russ.)
Morales, R. F. M., Lozano, J. M. G., Linares, M. P., & Pérez-Mármol, J. M. (2020). Influence of Smartphone Use on Emotional. Cognitive and Educational Dimensions in University Students. Sustainability, 12. 6646. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166646
Nijssen, S., Schaap, G. J., & Verheijen, G. P. (2018). Has your smartphone replaced your brain? Construction and validation of the Extended Mind Questionnaire (XMQ). PLoS ONE, 13(8).
Odintsova, M. A., Radchikova, N. P., & Kozyreva, N. V. (2021). Hardiness and self-activation of Russian and Belarusian youth in transitive society. Siberian Journal of Psychology, 79, 168–188. https://doi.org/10.17223/17267080/79/10 (in Russ.)
Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.49
Park, S., Kwon, M.-A., Baek, M.-J., & Han, N.-R. (2014). Relation between smartphone addiction and interpersonal competence of college students using social network service. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 14(5), 289–297. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2014.14.05.289
Peraman, R, & Parasuraman, S. (2016). Mobile phone mania: Arising global threat in public health. Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine, 7, 198–200.
Regush, L. A., Alekseeva, E. V., Veretina, O. R., Orlova, A. V., & Pezhemskaya, Yu. S. (2019). The influence of Internet immersion on adolescents’ cognitive function. Izvestia: Herzen University Journal of Humanities & Sciences, 194, 19–29. (in Russ.).
Regush, L. A., Orlova, A. V., Alekseeva, E. V., Veretina, O. V., Pezhemskaya, Yu. S., & Laktionova, E. B. (2021). Phenomenon of the Internet immersion: Definition and measurement. Siberian Journal of Psychology, 81, 107–125. https://doi.org/10.17223/17267081/81/5 (in Russ.)
Rodríguez, F. M. M., Lozano-Gimenes, J. M., Mingorance, P. L., & Pérez-Mármol, J. M. (2020). Influence of Smartphone Use on Emotional, Cognitive and Educational Dimensions in University Students. Sustainability, 12, 6646. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166646
Romek, V. G. (1998). Self-confidence tests. Practical psychodiagnostics and psychological counseling. Irbis. (in Russ.).
Sheinov, V. P. (2020). Relationships between smartphone addiction and personality states and traits. Journal of the Belarusian State University. Sociology, 4, 120–127. https://doi.org/10.33581/2521-6821-2020-4-120-127 (in Russ.)
Sheinov, V. P. (2021). Short version of the Smartphone Addiction questionnaire. Organizational Psychology and Labour Psychology, 6(1), 97−115. https://doi.org/10.38098/ipran.opwp.2021.18.1.005 (in Russ.)
Sheinov, V. P., & Dziavitsyn, A. S. (2021a). The development of a reliable and valid social media dependence questionnaire. Systems Psychology and Sociology, 2(38), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.25688/2223-6872.2021.38.2.04 (in Russ.)
Sheinov, V. P., & Dziavitsyn, A. S. (2021b). A three-factor model of social media addiction. Russian Psychological Journal, 3, 145–158. https://doi.org/10.21702/rpj.2021.3.10 (in Russ.)
Sheinov, V. P., & Dziavitsyn, A. S. (2021c). Factor structure of smartphone dependency model. Institute of Psychology. Russian Academy of Sciences. Social and Economic Psychology, 6(3(23)), 174−197. https://doi.org/10.38098/ipran.sep_2021_23_3_07 (in Russ.)
Sheinov, V. P., & Dziavitsyn, A. S. (2021) Personal properties and health state of victims of dependence on the smartphone. Institute of Psychology. Russian Academy of Sciences. Social and Economic Psychology, 6(1(21)), 171–191. https://doi.org/10.38098/ipran.sep.2021.21.1.007 (in Russ.)
Shim, J. Y. (2019). Christian Spirituality and Smartphone Addiction in Adolescents: A Comparison of High-Risk, Potential-Risk, and Normal Control Groups. Journal of Religion and Health, 58, 1272–1285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-00751-0
Soldatova, G. U., Chigar'kova, S. V., Koshevaya, A. G., & Nikonova, E. Yu. (2022). Daily activities of adolescents in mixed reality: User activity and multitasking. Siberian Journal of Psychology, 83, 20–45. https://doi.org/10.17223/17267080/83/2 (in Russ.)
Starun, A. R., & Voistinova, G. Kh. (2021). Using a smartphone as a means of increasing interest in mathematics lessons. MODERN SCIENCE, 12-4, 192–197. (in Russ.).
Thomas, K. W., & Kilmann, R. H. (1974). Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument. Mountain View, CA: Xicom, a subsidiary of CPP, Inc., 2007.
Turkle, Sh. (2017). Alone together: why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books.
Veissière, S. P. L., & Stendel, M. (2018). Hypernatural Monitoring: A Social Rehearsal Account of Smartphone Addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00141
Yoo, Ji-Eun, Kim, Sung-Jae, & Hwang, Ji-Ae. (2017). The effect of smartphone usage habits of mothers on aggression and emotional intelligence of young children. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 18(1), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2017.18.1.325
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Viktor P. Sheinov, Nina A. Nizovskikh, Anton S. Dziavitsyn