Исследования структурных характеристик мозга в психогенетике
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21702/rpj.2020.2.2Ключевые слова:
психогенетика, близнецовый метод, GWAS-анализ, гены-кандидаты, наследуемость, томографические методы, объем мозга, эндофенотип, интеллект, шизофренияАннотация
Введение. В статье представлен обзор современных исследований природы индивидуальных различий структурных характеристик мозга. В рамках концепции эндофенотипов (промежуточного звена между геном и комплексным фенотипическим признаком) рассматривается роль индивидуальных различий в структурных характеристиках мозга в формировании индивидуальных различий в психологических признаках. Теоретическое обоснование. В настоящей работе анализируется роль генетических и средовых факторов в формировании индивидуальных различий в структурных характеристиках мозга, измеренных с помощью методов магнитно-резонансной томографии и диффузно-тензорной визуализации. В обзор включены результаты близнецовых исследований, исследований генов-кандидатов, а также полногеномных исследований ассоциаций. Результаты и их обсуждение. В целом генетически информативные исследования структурных характеристик мозга свидетельствуют о том, что для небольшого ряда структур (например, проводящие пути кортикоспинального тракта или объем боковых желудочков) наблюдаются умеренные показатели наследуемости (от 20 до 50 %), тогда как наследуемость большинства структурных характеристик – более 50 %. Показано, что вклад генетических факторов в индивидуальные различия структурных характеристик мозга изменяется в ходе онтогенеза. На основании применения методов многомерного анализа выявлен общий генетический вклад в индивидуальные различия в структурных характеристиках мозга и поведенческих фенотипов. В обзоре представлены результаты новых типов молекулярно-генетических исследований, в первую очередь с применением метода полногеномного анализа ассоциаций, в котором рассматриваются сотни тысяч ДНК-маркеров одновременно. Обсуждаются также исследования таких генетических факторов, как вариация числа копий генов и всегеномные (whole-genome) исследования. В обзоре показано, что в связи с наметившимся в настоящее время переходом к формату многоцентровых консорциумов и связанному с этим росту исследуемых выборок, у современных исследователей открывается новое поле возможностей для изучения вклада генетических факторов в индивидуальные различия в структурных характеристиках мозга.
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