Аннотация
Данная статья представляет опыт исследования сложной социальной идентичности как индикатора конфликта между европейской светской и исламской религиозной культурами. Социальная идентичность рассматривается как репрезентация себя человеком в социальных структурах различных масштабов: национальных, этнических, религиозных. Однако показано, что религиозная идентификация формирует не только социальную, но и личностную идентичность мусульманина.
Развитие исламской личностной идентичности рассматривается в процессах самоидентифицирующей рефлексии, внутригрупповых и внешнегрупповых отношений в религиозной общине. Параметры идентичности определяются: а) индивидуальной интерпретацией ислама верующим; б) интерпретацией ислама в религиозной общине; в) отношениями между верующим, общиной, а также другими социальными группами.
Концепция сложной социальной идентичности (S. Roccas, M. Brewer) применяется в качестве теоретического конструкта для определения совместимости гражданской и религиозной идентичностей, оценки степени ее сложности. Исследование проводится на выборке мусульман с различным уровнем исламской личностной идентичности: отсутствующим, предопределенным, найденным и обретенным.
В результате определена тенденция снижения уровня гражданской социальной идентичности, под влиянием религиозной, у людей, личностно идентифицировавшихся с исламом. Проблема построения их социальной идентичности рассмотрена в метафорах конфликта и баланса, эксплицированных из европейской социально-психологической практики. Конфликтная метафора построена на невозможности аккультурации исламских общин и прогнозирует развитие деструктивных отношений между верующими, их религиозными общинами и другими социальными группами. Метафора баланса предполагает распад исламской личностной идентичности вследствие снижения радикализации общин верующих, поощрения индивидуализации мусульман путем политического, социально-культурного признания в обществе.
Библиографические ссылки
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Bogatova O. A. Religioznaia identichnost' i religioznye – praktiki v Mordovii [Religious identity and religious practices in Mordovia]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia – Sociological Research, 2011, no. 8, pp. 114–122.
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Drobizheva L. M. Identichnost' i etnicheskie ustanovki russkikh v svoei inoetnicheskoi srede [Identity and ethnic attitudes of Russians in their foreign ethnic environment]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia – Sociological Research, 2010, no. 12, pp. 49–58.
Ivanova N. L. Psikhologicheskaia struktura sotsial'noi identichnosti. Diss. dokt. psikh. nauk [Psychological structure of social identity. Dr. psych. sci. diss]. Moscow, 2003.
Leonov N. I. Problema uregulirovaniia konfliktov v interkul'turnom mire // Sotsial'nyi mir cheloveka. Vyp. 6 [The problem of arrangement conflicts in the intercultural world: The social world of a man. Vol. 6]. Materialy VI Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii «Chelovek i mir: mirosozidanie, konflikt i mediatsiia v interkul'turnom mire» [Proc. the VI International Theoretical and Practical Conference “A man and the world: peace-building, conflict and mediation in the intercultural world”]. Izhevsk, ERGO Publ., 14–16 April, 2016, pp. 7–10.
Tkhostov A. Sh., Rasskazova E. I. Identichnost' kak psikhologicheskii konstrukt: vozmozhnosti i ogranicheniia mezhdistsiplinarnogo podkhoda [Identity as a psychological construct: potential and limitations of the interdisciplinary approach]. Psikhologicheskie issledovaniia – Psychological Research, 2012, V. 5, no. 26, P. 2.
Khait M. A. Krosskul'turnoe issledovanie vzaimosviazi slozhnosti sotsial'noi identichnosti i otnosheniia k neopredelennosti v Rossii i Italii [The cross-cultural study of the correlation of the complexity of social identity and the relation to uncertainty in Italy and Russia]. Sotsial'naia psikhologiia i obshchestvo – Social Psychology and Society, 2014, V. 5, no. 2, pp. 87–99.
Khukhlaev O. E., Khait M. A. Slozhnost' sotsial'noi identichnosti: kontseptsiia S. Rokkas i M. Briuera [The complexity of social identity: the concept of S. Roccas and M. Brewer]. Sotsial'naia psikhologiia i obshchestvo – Social Psychology and Society, 2012, no. 3, pp. 16–26.
Al-Raffie D. Social Identity Theory for Investigating Islamic Extremism in the Diaspora. Journal of Strategic Security, 2013, no. 4 (6), pp. 67–91.
Bakker E. Jihadi terrorists in Europe, their characteristics and the circumstances in which they joined the jihad: An exploratory study. Hague: Clingendael Institute, 2006. URL: http://www.clingendael.nl /sites/default /files/ 20061200_ cscp_csp_bakker.pdf
Beyer P. Religion and Globalization. London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 1994. 256 p.
Brewer M. B., Pierce K. P. Social identity complexity and outgroup tolerance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2005, no. 31, pр. 428–437.
Ellemers N., Spears R., Doosje B. Self and Social Identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 2002, no. 53, pр. 161–186.
Feitosa J., Salas E., Salazar M. R. Social Identity: Clarifying its Dimensions across Cultures. Psihologijske teme, 2012, no. 3 (21), pp. 527–548.
Fleischmann F. P., Karen K. O. Religious Identification and Politicization in the Face of Discrimination. Support for Political Islam and Political Action among the Turkish and Moroccan Second Generation in Europe. British Journal of Social Psychology, 2011, no. 4 (50), pp. 628–648.
Harff B. No lessons learned from the Holocaust? Assessing risks of genocide and political mass murder since 1955. American Political Science Review, 2003, no. 1 (97), pр. 57–73.
Hoffman B. “Holy terror”: the implications of terrorism motivated by a religious imperative. Worldwide Department of Defense Combating Terrorism Conference. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1993. 201 p.
Hogg M. A., Williams K. D. From I to we: Social identity and the collective self. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2000, no. 1 (4), pр. 81–97.
Juergensmeyer M. Global Dimensions of Religious Terrorism. The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 141–160.
Kahani-Hopkins V., Hopkins N. Representing’ British Muslims: The strategic dimensions to identity construction. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2002, no. 25, pр. 288–309.
Kinnvall C. Globalization and religious nationalism: Self, identity, and the search for ontological security. Political Psychology, 2004, no. 25, pp. 741–767.
Lathion S. Muslims in Switzerland: Is Citizenship Really Incompatible with Muslim Identity? Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 2008, no. 1 (28), P. 56.
Loza W. The prevalence of Middle-Eastern extremist ideologies among some Canadian offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2010, no. 5 (25), pp. 919–928.
Marcia J. Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966, no. 3, pp. 551–558.
Marranci G. Faith, Ideology and Fear: Muslim Identities Within and Beyond Prisons. N. Y., London: Continuum, 2011. 181 p.
Miller K. P., Brewer M. B., Arbuckle N. L. Social identity complexity: Its correlates and antecedents. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2009, no. 12, pp. 79–94.
Mirella L., Stroink J. Processes and Preconditions Underlying Terrorism in Second-Generation Immigrants. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2007, no. 3 (13), pр. 293–312.
Nielsen J. S. Muslims in Western Europe. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012. 248 p.
Pargament K. I., Koenig H. G., Perez L. M. The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the cope. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2000, no. 4 (56), pp. 519–543.
Peek L. The development of religious identity. Sociology of Religion, 2005, no. 3 (66), pp. 215–242.
Post J. M., et al. The Psychology of Suicide Terrorism. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 2009, no. 1 (72), pp. 13–31.
Reicher S. D., Haslam S. A., Rath R. Making a virtue of evil: A five-step social identity model of the development of collective hate. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2008, no. 2, pp. 1313–1344.
Roccas S., Brewer M. B. Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2002, no. 6, pр. 88–106.
Sageman M. Understanding terrorist networks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. 200 p.
Schmid K., Hewstone M., Tausch N., Cairns E., Hughes J. Antecedents and Consequences of Social Identity Complexity: Intergroup Contact, Distinctiveness Threat and Outgroup Attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2009, no. 8 (35), P. 1085.
Silke A. Holy warriors: exploring the psychological processes of jihadi radicalization. European Journal of Criminology, 2008, no. 1 (5), pp. 99–123.
Stryker S. & Burke P. J. The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 2000, no. 4, pp. 284–297.
Turner J. Self and collective: cognition and social context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1994, no. 5 (20), pp. 454–463.
Verkuyten M. Religious group identification and interreligious relations: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2007, no. 3, pp. 341–357.
Verkuyten M., Martinovic B. Social identity complexity and immigrants attitudes toward the host nation: the intersection of ethnic and religious group identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2012, no. 7 (42), pp. 893–903.
Verkuyten M., Yildiz A. A. Muslim immigrants and religious group feelings: A study among Sunni and Alevi Turkis Dutch. Ethnic and Racial Studie, 2009, no. 32, pp. 1121–1142.
Verkuyten M., Yildiz A. A. National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2007, no. 33, pр. 1448–1462.
Vilchinsky N., Kravetz S. How are religious belief and behavior good for you? An investigation of mediators relating religion to mental health in a sample of Israeli Jewish students. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 2005, no. 44, pp. 459–471.
Waterman A. S. Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and a review of research. Developmental Psychologist, 1982, no. 18, pp. 341–358.
Wilner A., Dubouloz C.-J. Homegrown Terrorism and Transformative Learning: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Radicalization. Global Change, Peace and Security, 2010, no. 1 (22), P. 41.
Yasmeen S. Understanding Muslim Identities: From Perceived Relative Exclusion to Inclusion. Perth: Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Office of Multicultural Interests, 2008. URL: http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/a-diverse-australia/national-action-plan/_attach/final-muslim-identities.pdf
Young R. & Collin A. Introduction: constructivism and social constructionism in the career field. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 2004, no. 3 (64), pp. 373–388.
Ysseldyk R., Matheson K., Anisman H. Religiosity as identity: Toward an understanding of religion from a social identity perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2010, no. 1 (14), pp. 60–71.
Belinskaia E. P. Izmenchivost' Ia: krizis identichnosti ili krizis znaniia o nei? [Changeability of self: a crisis of identity or a crisis of knowledge about it?]. Psikhologicheskie issledovaniia – Psychological Research, 2015, V. 8, no. 40, P. 12.
Bogatova O. A. Religioznaia identichnost' i religioznye – praktiki v Mordovii [Religious identity and religious practices in Mordovia]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia – Sociological Research, 2011, no. 8, pp. 114–122.
Dmitriev M. V. Problematika issledovatel'skogo proekta “Confessiones et nationes. Konfessional'nye traditsii i protonatsional'nye diskursy v istorii Evropy”: Religioznye i etnicheskie traditsii v formirovanii natsional'nykh identichnostei v Evrope. Srednie veka [The problematics of the “Confessiones et nationes. Religious traditions and protonational discourses in the history of Europe” research project: Religious and ethnic traditions in the formation of national identities in Europe. Middle Ages – Modernity]. Moscow, Indrik Publ., 2008, pp. 15–42.
Drobizheva L. M. Identichnost' i etnicheskie ustanovki russkikh v svoei inoetnicheskoi srede [Identity and ethnic attitudes of Russians in their foreign ethnic environment]. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia – Sociological Research, 2010, no. 12, pp. 49–58.
Ivanova N. L. Psikhologicheskaia struktura sotsial'noi identichnosti. Diss. dokt. psikh. nauk [Psychological structure of social identity. Dr. psych. sci. diss]. Moscow, 2003.
Leonov N. I. Problema uregulirovaniia konfliktov v interkul'turnom mire // Sotsial'nyi mir cheloveka. Vyp. 6 [The problem of arrangement conflicts in the intercultural world: The social world of a man. Vol. 6]. Materialy VI Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii «Chelovek i mir: mirosozidanie, konflikt i mediatsiia v interkul'turnom mire» [Proc. the VI International Theoretical and Practical Conference “A man and the world: peace-building, conflict and mediation in the intercultural world”]. Izhevsk, ERGO Publ., 14–16 April, 2016, pp. 7–10.
Tkhostov A. Sh., Rasskazova E. I. Identichnost' kak psikhologicheskii konstrukt: vozmozhnosti i ogranicheniia mezhdistsiplinarnogo podkhoda [Identity as a psychological construct: potential and limitations of the interdisciplinary approach]. Psikhologicheskie issledovaniia – Psychological Research, 2012, V. 5, no. 26, P. 2.
Khait M. A. Krosskul'turnoe issledovanie vzaimosviazi slozhnosti sotsial'noi identichnosti i otnosheniia k neopredelennosti v Rossii i Italii [The cross-cultural study of the correlation of the complexity of social identity and the relation to uncertainty in Italy and Russia]. Sotsial'naia psikhologiia i obshchestvo – Social Psychology and Society, 2014, V. 5, no. 2, pp. 87–99.
Khukhlaev O. E., Khait M. A. Slozhnost' sotsial'noi identichnosti: kontseptsiia S. Rokkas i M. Briuera [The complexity of social identity: the concept of S. Roccas and M. Brewer]. Sotsial'naia psikhologiia i obshchestvo – Social Psychology and Society, 2012, no. 3, pp. 16–26.
Al-Raffie D. Social Identity Theory for Investigating Islamic Extremism in the Diaspora. Journal of Strategic Security, 2013, no. 4 (6), pp. 67–91.
Bakker E. Jihadi terrorists in Europe, their characteristics and the circumstances in which they joined the jihad: An exploratory study. Hague: Clingendael Institute, 2006. URL: http://www.clingendael.nl /sites/default /files/ 20061200_ cscp_csp_bakker.pdf
Beyer P. Religion and Globalization. London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 1994. 256 p.
Brewer M. B., Pierce K. P. Social identity complexity and outgroup tolerance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2005, no. 31, pр. 428–437.
Ellemers N., Spears R., Doosje B. Self and Social Identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 2002, no. 53, pр. 161–186.
Feitosa J., Salas E., Salazar M. R. Social Identity: Clarifying its Dimensions across Cultures. Psihologijske teme, 2012, no. 3 (21), pp. 527–548.
Fleischmann F. P., Karen K. O. Religious Identification and Politicization in the Face of Discrimination. Support for Political Islam and Political Action among the Turkish and Moroccan Second Generation in Europe. British Journal of Social Psychology, 2011, no. 4 (50), pp. 628–648.
Harff B. No lessons learned from the Holocaust? Assessing risks of genocide and political mass murder since 1955. American Political Science Review, 2003, no. 1 (97), pр. 57–73.
Hoffman B. “Holy terror”: the implications of terrorism motivated by a religious imperative. Worldwide Department of Defense Combating Terrorism Conference. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1993. 201 p.
Hogg M. A., Williams K. D. From I to we: Social identity and the collective self. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2000, no. 1 (4), pр. 81–97.
Juergensmeyer M. Global Dimensions of Religious Terrorism. The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 141–160.
Kahani-Hopkins V., Hopkins N. Representing’ British Muslims: The strategic dimensions to identity construction. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2002, no. 25, pр. 288–309.
Kinnvall C. Globalization and religious nationalism: Self, identity, and the search for ontological security. Political Psychology, 2004, no. 25, pp. 741–767.
Lathion S. Muslims in Switzerland: Is Citizenship Really Incompatible with Muslim Identity? Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 2008, no. 1 (28), P. 56.
Loza W. The prevalence of Middle-Eastern extremist ideologies among some Canadian offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2010, no. 5 (25), pp. 919–928.
Marcia J. Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966, no. 3, pp. 551–558.
Marranci G. Faith, Ideology and Fear: Muslim Identities Within and Beyond Prisons. N. Y., London: Continuum, 2011. 181 p.
Miller K. P., Brewer M. B., Arbuckle N. L. Social identity complexity: Its correlates and antecedents. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2009, no. 12, pp. 79–94.
Mirella L., Stroink J. Processes and Preconditions Underlying Terrorism in Second-Generation Immigrants. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2007, no. 3 (13), pр. 293–312.
Nielsen J. S. Muslims in Western Europe. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012. 248 p.
Pargament K. I., Koenig H. G., Perez L. M. The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the cope. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2000, no. 4 (56), pp. 519–543.
Peek L. The development of religious identity. Sociology of Religion, 2005, no. 3 (66), pp. 215–242.
Post J. M., et al. The Psychology of Suicide Terrorism. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 2009, no. 1 (72), pp. 13–31.
Reicher S. D., Haslam S. A., Rath R. Making a virtue of evil: A five-step social identity model of the development of collective hate. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2008, no. 2, pp. 1313–1344.
Roccas S., Brewer M. B. Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2002, no. 6, pр. 88–106.
Sageman M. Understanding terrorist networks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. 200 p.
Schmid K., Hewstone M., Tausch N., Cairns E., Hughes J. Antecedents and Consequences of Social Identity Complexity: Intergroup Contact, Distinctiveness Threat and Outgroup Attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2009, no. 8 (35), P. 1085.
Silke A. Holy warriors: exploring the psychological processes of jihadi radicalization. European Journal of Criminology, 2008, no. 1 (5), pp. 99–123.
Stryker S. & Burke P. J. The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 2000, no. 4, pp. 284–297.
Turner J. Self and collective: cognition and social context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1994, no. 5 (20), pp. 454–463.
Verkuyten M. Religious group identification and interreligious relations: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2007, no. 3, pp. 341–357.
Verkuyten M., Martinovic B. Social identity complexity and immigrants attitudes toward the host nation: the intersection of ethnic and religious group identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2012, no. 7 (42), pp. 893–903.
Verkuyten M., Yildiz A. A. Muslim immigrants and religious group feelings: A study among Sunni and Alevi Turkis Dutch. Ethnic and Racial Studie, 2009, no. 32, pp. 1121–1142.
Verkuyten M., Yildiz A. A. National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2007, no. 33, pр. 1448–1462.
Vilchinsky N., Kravetz S. How are religious belief and behavior good for you? An investigation of mediators relating religion to mental health in a sample of Israeli Jewish students. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 2005, no. 44, pp. 459–471.
Waterman A. S. Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and a review of research. Developmental Psychologist, 1982, no. 18, pp. 341–358.
Wilner A., Dubouloz C.-J. Homegrown Terrorism and Transformative Learning: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Radicalization. Global Change, Peace and Security, 2010, no. 1 (22), P. 41.
Yasmeen S. Understanding Muslim Identities: From Perceived Relative Exclusion to Inclusion. Perth: Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Office of Multicultural Interests, 2008. URL: http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/a-diverse-australia/national-action-plan/_attach/final-muslim-identities.pdf
Young R. & Collin A. Introduction: constructivism and social constructionism in the career field. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 2004, no. 3 (64), pp. 373–388.
Ysseldyk R., Matheson K., Anisman H. Religiosity as identity: Toward an understanding of religion from a social identity perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2010, no. 1 (14), pp. 60–71.