Аннотация
Изучение культурных правил выражения эмоций вызывает большой интерес в научной психологической среде. Несмотря на этот факт, по-прежнему недостаточно внимания уделяется проведению кросс-культурных исследований, в предметное поле которых входило бы сравнительное изучение особенностей выражения эмоций преподавателями высшей школы в процессе взаимодействия со студентами. Цель настоящего исследования заключается в определении взаимосвязей между характеристиками культуры, правилами выражения эмоций и такими параметрами межличностного взаимодействия, как пол партнера, степень публичности интеракции в контексте взаимодействия «преподаватель–студент». Теоретическими основами работы выступают такие концепции, как индивидуалистические и коллективистские культуры, ценностные ориентации преподавателей в процессе обучения студентов, кросс-культурные различия в уровнях общей эмоциональной экспрессии, в интенсивности и аутентичности выражения эмоций различной валентности, в выборе правил выражения эмоций в ситуациях с различной степенью публичности.
Результаты исследования и сделанные на их основе выводы только частично подтверждают выдвинутые гипотезы и вступают в противо- речие с выводами авторов других работ, в которых сравнивались коллек- тивистские и индивидуалистические культуры по таким показателям, как общая экспрессивность, выбор правил выражения эмоций, интенсивность и аутентичность выражения отрицательных и положительных эмоций. В нашем исследовании, в отличие от других работ, были обнаружены сходные паттерны в выборе правил выражения эмоций немецкими и российскими преподавателями – в зависимости от валентности эмоций, пола студента и степени публичности ситуации взаимодействия. Далее было обнаружено, что российским преподавателям свойственны более высокая аутентичность отображения эмоций на лице и более высокая интенсивность проявления негативных эмоций, по сравнению с группой немецких преподавателей. В качестве объяснения полученным данным предлагаются: 1) концепция «сближения» ценностных ориентаций, связанных с организацией образовательного процесса в Германии и России; 2) культурно-обусловленные характеристики вопроизведения эмоционального опыта в значимых ситуациях и 3) гендерные различия в оценке эмоциональных переживаний.
Библиографические ссылки
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Hagenauer G., Volet S. E. & Gläser-Zikuda M. Emotionen und Emotionsausdruck von Hochschuldozierenden in der Lehrerausbildung [Emotions and emotion display of higher education teachers involved in teacher education]. paper presented at the 2nd gEBF conference. – Frankfurt, germany, 2014.
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Hufton N. & Elliott J. G. Motivation to learn: the pedagogical nexus in the russian school: some implications for transnational research and policy borrowing // Educational Studies. – 2000. – 26. – pp. 115–136.
Hufton N., Elliott J. G. & Illushin L. Educational motivation and engagement: qualitative accounts from three countries // British Educational research journal. – 2002. – 28 (2). – pp. 265–289.
Hufton N., Elliott J. G. & Illushin L. Teachers’ Beliefs about Student Motivation: Similarities and Differences across cultures // comparative Education. – 2003. – v. 39. – no. 3. – pp. 367–389.
Iartsev D. V. characteristics of the socialization of today’s adolescent // Russian Education and Society. – 2000. – 42 (11). – pp. 67–75.
Kirpotin S. N. The challenge of Developing Innovative Teaching Methods in a russian university // Teaching in higher Education. – 1999. – v. 4. – no. 3. – pp. 415–417.
Kitayama S., Markus H. R., Kurokawa M. culture, Emotion, and Well-being: good Feelings in japan and the united States // cognition and Emotion. – 2000. – 14 (1). – pp. 93–124.
Konstantinovskii D. L. & Khokhlushkina F. A. The formation of the social behaviour of young people in the sphere of education // russian Education and Society. – 2000. – 42 (2). – pp. 26–58.
Koopmann-Holm B., Matsumoto D. values and Display rules for Specific Emotions // journal of cross-cultural psychology. – 2011. – 42 (3). – pp. 355–371.
Kordts-Freudinger R. a social-emotional enterprise: positive emotions in higher education teaching. paper presented at the 2nd gEBF conference. – Frankfurt, germany, 2014.
Kruml S. M., Geddes D. Exploring the Dimensions of Emotional labor: The heart of hochschild’s Work // Management communication Quarterly. – 2000. – v. 14. – no. 8.
Kuppens O., Ceulemans E., Timmerman M. E., Diener E., Kim-Prieto C. universal Intracultural and Intercultural Dimensions of the recalled Frequency of Emotional Experience // journal of cross-cultural psychology. – 2006. – v. 37. – no. 5. – pp. 491–515.
Malatesta C. Z. & Haviland J. M. learning display rules: The socialization of emotion expression in infancy // child Development. – 1982. – 53. – pp. 991–1003.
Markus H. R. & Kitayama S. culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation // psychological review. – 1991. – 98 (2). – pp. 224–253.
Matsumoto D. cultural similarities and differences in display rules // Motivation & Emotion. – 1990. – 14. – pp. 195–214.
Matsumoto D. et al. Mapping expressive differences around the world. The relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism // journal of cross-cultural psychology. – 2008. – 39. – pp. 55–74.
Matsumoto D., Nezlek J. B., Koopmann B. Evidence for universality in phenomenological Emotion response System coherence // Emotion. – 2007. – 7 (1). – pp. 57–67.
Matsumoto D., Yoo S. H., Hirayama S. & Petrova G. validation of an individual-level measure of display rules: The display rule assessment inventory (DraI) // Emotion. – 2005. – 5. – pp. 23–40.
Mesquita B., Markus H. R. culture and emotion: Models of agency as sources of cultural variation in emotion / Frijda N. h., Manstead a. S. r. & Fisher a. (Eds.) Feelings and emotions: The amsterdam symposium. – cambridge, Ma: cambridge university press, 2004. – pp. 341–358.
Morris L. A., Feldman D. C. The Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labour // academy of Management review. – 1996. – v. 21. – no. 4. – pp. 986–1010.
Navarro M. L. A., Mas M. B. & Jiménez A. M. L. Working conditions, burnout and stress symptoms in university professors: validating a structural model of the mediating effect of perceived personal competence // The Spanish journal of psychology. – 2010. – 13. – pp. 284–296.
Ogbonna E. & Harris L. C. Work intensification and emotional labour among uK university lecturers: an exploratory study // organizational Studies. – 2004. – 25. – pp. 1185–1203.
Oyserman D., Coon H. M., Kemmelmeier M. rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses // psychological Bulletin. – 2002. – 128 (1). – pp. 3–72.
Postareff L. & Lindblom-Ylänne S. Emotions and confidence within teaching in higher education // Studies in higher Education. – 2011. – 36. – pp. 799–813.
Rafaeli A. When cashiers meet customers: an analysis of the role of supermarket cahiers // academy of Management journal. – 1989. – 32. – pp. 245–273.
Safdar S., Friedlmeier W., Matsumoto D., Yoo S. H., Kwantes C., Kakai H., Shigemasu E. variations of emotional display rules within and across cultures: a comparison between canada, uSa, and japan // canadian journal of Behavioural Science. – 2009. – 41 (1). – pp. 1–10.
Scherer K. R. Facets of emotion: recent research. – london: routledge, 1988.
Schwartz S. H. National culture as value orientations: consequences of value Differences and cultural Distance // handbook of the Economics of art and culture. – 2014. – v. 2. – pp. 547–586.
Schwartz S. H., Boehnke K. Evaluating the structure of human values with confirmatory factor analysis // journal of research in personality. – 2004. – 38. – pp. 230–255.
Schwartz S. H., Ros M. values in the West: a theoretical and empirical challenge to the Individualism-collectivism cultural dimension // World psychology. – 1995. – 1. – pp. 99–122.
Stephanou G. & Kyridis A. university students’ perceptions of teacher effectiveness and emotions in lectures: The role of socio-cognitive factors, and academic performance // International Education Studies. – 2012. – 15. – pp. 58–79.
Sutton R. E. & Wheatley K. F. Teachers’ emotions and teaching: a review of the literature and directions for future research // Educational psychology review. – 2003. – 15. – pp. 327–358.
Taylor S. & Tyler M. Emotional labour and sexual difference in the airline industry // Work, Employment and Society. – 2000. – 14. – pp. 77–95.
Timmers M., Fischer A. H., Manstead A. S. R. gender differences in motives for regulatin emotions // personality and Social psychology Bulletin. – 1988. – v. 24. – pp. 974–985.
Trigwell K. relations between teachers’ emotions in teaching and their approaches to teaching in higher education: a pilot study. paper presented at 13th conference of the European association for research on learning and Instruction. – Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2009.
Trigwell K. relations between teachers’ emotions in teaching and their approaches to teaching in higher education // Instructional Science. – 2012. – 40. – pp. 607–621.
White C. J. higher education emotions: a scale development exercise // higher Education research and Development. – 2012.
Wong S., Bond M. H. & Rodriguez Mosquera P. M. The influence of cultural value orientations on self-reported emotional expression across cultures // journal of cross-cultural psychology. – 2008. – 39 (2). – pp. 224–229.
Zhang Q. & Zhu W. Exploring Emotion in Teaching: Emotional labor, Burnout and Satisfaction in chinese higher Education // communication Education. – 2008. – 57. – pp. 105–122.
Ashton-James C. E., Maddux W. W., Galinsky A. D., Chartrand T. L. Who I am Depends on how I Feel The role of affect in the Expression of culture // psychological Science. – 2009. – 20 (3). – pp. 340–346.
Banerjee M. hidden emotions: preschoolers’ knowledge of appearance- reality and emotion display rules // Social cognition. – 1997. – 15. – pp. 107–132.
Bocharova O. & Lerner A. characteristics of the way of life of adolescents // russian Education and Society. – 2000. – 42 (6). – pp. 37–48.
Brody L., Lovas G., Hay D. gender differences in anger and fear as a function of situational context // Sex roles. – 1995. – v. 32. – pp. 47–78.
Constanti P., Gibbs P. higher education teachers and emotional labour // International journal of Educational Management. – 2004. – v. 18. – no. 4. – pp. 243–249.
Ekman P., Friesen W. V. The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: categories, origins, usage, and coding // Semiotica. – 1969. – v. 1. – no. 1. – pp. 49–98.
Elliott J., Tudge J. The Impact of the West on post-Soviet russian Education: change and resistance to change // comparative Education. – 2007. – v. 43. – no. 1. – Special Issue (33): Western psychological and Educational Theory and practice in Diverse contexts. – pp. 93–112.
Gates G. S. The socialization of feelings in undergraduate education: a study of emotional management // college Student journal. – 2000. – 34. – pp. 485–504.
Goldberg L. S. & Grandey A. A. Display rules versus display autonomy: emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and task performance in a call center simula- tion // journal of occupational health psychology. – 2007. – 12. – p. 301.
Gosserand R. H. & Diefendorff J. M. Emotional display rules and emotional labor: the moderating role of commitment // journal of applied psychology. – 2005. – 90. – p. 1256.
Gouveia V. V., Ros M. hofstede and Schwartz’s models for classifying individualism at the cultural level: their relation to macro-social and macro-economic variables // psicothema. – 2000. – v. 12. – pp. 25–33.
Gross J. J. & John O. P. Facets of emotional expressivity: Three self-report factors and their correlates // personality & Individual Differences. – 1995. – 19. – pp. 558–568.
Hagenauer G. & Volet S. E. “I don’t think I could, you know, just teach without any emotion”: Exploring the nature and origin of university teachers’ emotions // research papers in Education. – 2014. – 29 (2). – pp. 240–262.
Hagenauer G., Volet S. E. & Gläser-Zikuda M. Emotionen und Emotionsausdruck von Hochschuldozierenden in der Lehrerausbildung [Emotions and emotion display of higher education teachers involved in teacher education]. paper presented at the 2nd gEBF conference. – Frankfurt, germany, 2014.
Hochschild A. The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling. – california: The university of california press, 1983.
Hofstede G. H. culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). – Thousand oaks, ca: Sage, 2001.
Hufton N. & Elliott J. G. Motivation to learn: the pedagogical nexus in the russian school: some implications for transnational research and policy borrowing // Educational Studies. – 2000. – 26. – pp. 115–136.
Hufton N., Elliott J. G. & Illushin L. Educational motivation and engagement: qualitative accounts from three countries // British Educational research journal. – 2002. – 28 (2). – pp. 265–289.
Hufton N., Elliott J. G. & Illushin L. Teachers’ Beliefs about Student Motivation: Similarities and Differences across cultures // comparative Education. – 2003. – v. 39. – no. 3. – pp. 367–389.
Iartsev D. V. characteristics of the socialization of today’s adolescent // Russian Education and Society. – 2000. – 42 (11). – pp. 67–75.
Kirpotin S. N. The challenge of Developing Innovative Teaching Methods in a russian university // Teaching in higher Education. – 1999. – v. 4. – no. 3. – pp. 415–417.
Kitayama S., Markus H. R., Kurokawa M. culture, Emotion, and Well-being: good Feelings in japan and the united States // cognition and Emotion. – 2000. – 14 (1). – pp. 93–124.
Konstantinovskii D. L. & Khokhlushkina F. A. The formation of the social behaviour of young people in the sphere of education // russian Education and Society. – 2000. – 42 (2). – pp. 26–58.
Koopmann-Holm B., Matsumoto D. values and Display rules for Specific Emotions // journal of cross-cultural psychology. – 2011. – 42 (3). – pp. 355–371.
Kordts-Freudinger R. a social-emotional enterprise: positive emotions in higher education teaching. paper presented at the 2nd gEBF conference. – Frankfurt, germany, 2014.
Kruml S. M., Geddes D. Exploring the Dimensions of Emotional labor: The heart of hochschild’s Work // Management communication Quarterly. – 2000. – v. 14. – no. 8.
Kuppens O., Ceulemans E., Timmerman M. E., Diener E., Kim-Prieto C. universal Intracultural and Intercultural Dimensions of the recalled Frequency of Emotional Experience // journal of cross-cultural psychology. – 2006. – v. 37. – no. 5. – pp. 491–515.
Malatesta C. Z. & Haviland J. M. learning display rules: The socialization of emotion expression in infancy // child Development. – 1982. – 53. – pp. 991–1003.
Markus H. R. & Kitayama S. culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation // psychological review. – 1991. – 98 (2). – pp. 224–253.
Matsumoto D. cultural similarities and differences in display rules // Motivation & Emotion. – 1990. – 14. – pp. 195–214.
Matsumoto D. et al. Mapping expressive differences around the world. The relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism // journal of cross-cultural psychology. – 2008. – 39. – pp. 55–74.
Matsumoto D., Nezlek J. B., Koopmann B. Evidence for universality in phenomenological Emotion response System coherence // Emotion. – 2007. – 7 (1). – pp. 57–67.
Matsumoto D., Yoo S. H., Hirayama S. & Petrova G. validation of an individual-level measure of display rules: The display rule assessment inventory (DraI) // Emotion. – 2005. – 5. – pp. 23–40.
Mesquita B., Markus H. R. culture and emotion: Models of agency as sources of cultural variation in emotion / Frijda N. h., Manstead a. S. r. & Fisher a. (Eds.) Feelings and emotions: The amsterdam symposium. – cambridge, Ma: cambridge university press, 2004. – pp. 341–358.
Morris L. A., Feldman D. C. The Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labour // academy of Management review. – 1996. – v. 21. – no. 4. – pp. 986–1010.
Navarro M. L. A., Mas M. B. & Jiménez A. M. L. Working conditions, burnout and stress symptoms in university professors: validating a structural model of the mediating effect of perceived personal competence // The Spanish journal of psychology. – 2010. – 13. – pp. 284–296.
Ogbonna E. & Harris L. C. Work intensification and emotional labour among uK university lecturers: an exploratory study // organizational Studies. – 2004. – 25. – pp. 1185–1203.
Oyserman D., Coon H. M., Kemmelmeier M. rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses // psychological Bulletin. – 2002. – 128 (1). – pp. 3–72.
Postareff L. & Lindblom-Ylänne S. Emotions and confidence within teaching in higher education // Studies in higher Education. – 2011. – 36. – pp. 799–813.
Rafaeli A. When cashiers meet customers: an analysis of the role of supermarket cahiers // academy of Management journal. – 1989. – 32. – pp. 245–273.
Safdar S., Friedlmeier W., Matsumoto D., Yoo S. H., Kwantes C., Kakai H., Shigemasu E. variations of emotional display rules within and across cultures: a comparison between canada, uSa, and japan // canadian journal of Behavioural Science. – 2009. – 41 (1). – pp. 1–10.
Scherer K. R. Facets of emotion: recent research. – london: routledge, 1988.
Schwartz S. H. National culture as value orientations: consequences of value Differences and cultural Distance // handbook of the Economics of art and culture. – 2014. – v. 2. – pp. 547–586.
Schwartz S. H., Boehnke K. Evaluating the structure of human values with confirmatory factor analysis // journal of research in personality. – 2004. – 38. – pp. 230–255.
Schwartz S. H., Ros M. values in the West: a theoretical and empirical challenge to the Individualism-collectivism cultural dimension // World psychology. – 1995. – 1. – pp. 99–122.
Stephanou G. & Kyridis A. university students’ perceptions of teacher effectiveness and emotions in lectures: The role of socio-cognitive factors, and academic performance // International Education Studies. – 2012. – 15. – pp. 58–79.
Sutton R. E. & Wheatley K. F. Teachers’ emotions and teaching: a review of the literature and directions for future research // Educational psychology review. – 2003. – 15. – pp. 327–358.
Taylor S. & Tyler M. Emotional labour and sexual difference in the airline industry // Work, Employment and Society. – 2000. – 14. – pp. 77–95.
Timmers M., Fischer A. H., Manstead A. S. R. gender differences in motives for regulatin emotions // personality and Social psychology Bulletin. – 1988. – v. 24. – pp. 974–985.
Trigwell K. relations between teachers’ emotions in teaching and their approaches to teaching in higher education: a pilot study. paper presented at 13th conference of the European association for research on learning and Instruction. – Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2009.
Trigwell K. relations between teachers’ emotions in teaching and their approaches to teaching in higher education // Instructional Science. – 2012. – 40. – pp. 607–621.
White C. J. higher education emotions: a scale development exercise // higher Education research and Development. – 2012.
Wong S., Bond M. H. & Rodriguez Mosquera P. M. The influence of cultural value orientations on self-reported emotional expression across cultures // journal of cross-cultural psychology. – 2008. – 39 (2). – pp. 224–229.
Zhang Q. & Zhu W. Exploring Emotion in Teaching: Emotional labor, Burnout and Satisfaction in chinese higher Education // communication Education. – 2008. – 57. – pp. 105–122.