Аннотация
Проанализированы результаты зарубежных исследований ассертивного поведения, касающихся его связей с привлекательностью субъекта, локусом контроля, самоопределением и принятием им решений.
Установлено, что люди, обладающие высокой ассертивностью, чаще заявляют о себе в положительном ключе, нежели люди с низкой ассертивностью, выше оценивают уровень своего комфорта, пользу для общества и важность ассертивного поведения. Собственная оценка своей внешности статистически значимо влияет на ассертивность индивидов: высокая ее повышает, низкая – понижает.
Восприятие ассертивного поведения женщин может отличаться от восприятия ассертивного поведения мужчин. Женщины с высокой ассертивностью оцениваются как менее привлекательные, в сравнении с женщинами средней ассертивности; наиболее низкие оценки они получают от испытуемых женского пола. Оценки ассертивности женщин мужчинами − потенциальными партнерами для свиданий − оказались положительными в противоположность неудобствам, которые женщины могут испытывать из-за своего ассертивного поведения в деловых и профессиональных ситуациях. Интерналы ведут себя более ассертивно, чем экстерналы, причем для мужчин эта взаимосвязь высокозначима.
Подтверждена связь между самоопределением учащихся и ассертивностью в целом и с ее компонентами: настойчивостью и большей инициативой. Выявлены статистически значимые корреляции между ассертивностью и качеством жизни, самоопределением, самоэффективностью.
Индивиды с высокой ассертивностью успешнее справляются с распознаванием ситуации и ориентацией в проблеме, с нахождением оптимальных решений, и уверены в том, что умеют лучше других находить их. Ассертивные индивиды показали более высокую мотивацию к критике, чем индивиды неассертивные, а высокоассертивные более уверенно заявили о своих способностях к критике и о ее полезности.
Автором предложена надежная и валидная методика измерения ассертивности.
Библиографические ссылки
Большой психологический словарь / Сост. и общ. ред. Б. Мещеряков, В. Зинченко. – СПб.: Прайм-ЕВРОЗНАК, 2004.
Шейнов В. П. Ассертивность и психологическое здоровье // Материалы научной конференции «Ананьевские чтения – 2013». – СПб., 2013. – С. 371–373.
Шейнов В. П. Возрастные и гендерные факторы ассертивности // Системная психология и социология. – 2014. – No 10.
Шейнов В. П. Разработка теста ассертивности, удовлетворяющего требованиям надежности и валидности // Вопросы психологии. – 2014. – No 2. – С. 107–116.
Alberti R. E., Emmous M. L. Your perfect right. – California: Impact, 2001.
Alden L., Cappe R. Nonassertiveness: Skill deficit or selection evaluation? // Behavior Therapy. – 1981. – no. 12. – pp. 107–114.
Alisinanoğlu F. Çocukların denetim odağı ile algıladıkları anne tutumları arasındaki iliş kinin incelenmesi. [A study on the relationship between childrens’ locus of control and the perception of mother attitudes] // Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. – 2003. – no. 1. – pp. 97–107.
Appelbaum A. S., Tuma J. M., Johnson J. H. Internal-external control and assertiveness of subjects high and low in social desirability // Psychol. Report. – 1975. – 37. – pp. 319–322.
Bloom L. Z., Coburn K., Pearlman J. The New Assertive Woman. – N. Y.: Dell, 1976.
Broverman I. K., Broverman D. M., Clarkson F. E. Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health // J. Consult. and Clin. Psychol. – 1970. – no. 30. – pp. 1–7.
Bruch M. A. A task analysis of assertive behavior revisited: Replication and extension // Behavior Therapy. – 1981. – no. 12. – pp. 217–230.
Buluş M. Ergen öğrencilerde denetim odağı ve yalnızlık düzeyi ilişkisi [The relationship between locus of control and loneliness level in adolescents]. İzmir: Dokuz Ey-lul University, 1996.
Campbell L., Simpson J. A., Boldry J. G. Perceptions of conflict and support in romantic relationships: The role of attachment anxiety // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. – 2005. – no. 88. – pp. 510–531.
Chesler P. Women and Madness. – N. Y.: Doubleday, 1972.
Chiauzzi E., Heimberg R. G. Legitimacy of request and social problem solving: A study of assertive and nonassertive subjects // Behavior Modification. – 1986. – no. 10. – pp. 3–18.
Cooley E. L., Nowicki J. S. Locus of control and assertiveness in male and female college students // The Journal of Psychology. – 1984. – no. 117. – pp. 85–87.
Cooley M. L. Interests of assertiveness trainees // Journal of Counseling Psychology. – 1979. – no. 26. – pp. 173–175.
Costrich N., Feinstein J., Kidder L. When stereotypes hurt: Three studies of penalties for sex-role reversals // J. Exper. Soc. Psychol. – 1975. – no. 11. – pp. 520–530.
Davis W. L., Phares E. J. Internal-external control as a determinant of information-seeking in a social influence situation // J. Personal. – 1967. – no. 35. – pp. 547–561.
Diener E., Suh E. M., Lucas R. E. Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress // Psychological Bulletin. – 1999. – 125. – pp. 276–302.
Eisler A. M., Hersen M., Miller P. M. Situational determinants of assertive behaviours // J. Consult. and Clin. Psychol. – 1975. – no. 43. – pp. 330–340.
Ellis L. J., Bentler P. M. Traditional sex-determined role standarts and sex stereotypes // J. Personal and Soc. Psychology. – 1973. – 25. – pp. 28–34.
Fiedler D., Beach I. R. On the decision to be assertive // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. – 1978. – no. 46. – pp. 537–546.
Goldberg P. Are women prejudiced against women? // Transaction. – 1968. – no. 5. – pp. 28–30.
Guay F., Sene ́cal C., Gauthier L. Predicting career indecision: A self-determination theory perspective // Journal of Counseling Psychology. – 2003. – no. 50. – pp. 165–177.
Hardre P. L., Reeve J. A motivational model of rural students’ intentions to persist in, versus drop out of, high school // Journal of Educational Psychology. – 2003. – no. 95. – pp. 347–356.
Hartwig W. H., Dickson A. L., Anderson H. N. Locus of control and assertion // Psychol. Report. – 1980. – no. 46. – pp. 1345–1346.
Heimberg R. G., Chiauzzi E., Becker R. E. Cognitive mediation of assertive behavior: An analysis of the self-statement patterns of college students, psychiatric patients, and normal adults // Cognitive Therapy and Research. – 1983. – no. 7. – pp. 455–463.
Hess E. P., Bridgwater C. A., Bornstein P. H. Situational determinants in the perception of assertiveness: Gender-related influences // Behav. Ther. – 1980. – no. 11. – pp. 49–58.
Hull D. B., Schroeder H. E. Some interpersonal effects of assertion, non-assertion, and aggression // Behav. Ther. – 1979. – no. 1. – pp. 20–28.
Ikiz F. E. Self-perceptions about properties affecting assertiveness of trainee counselors // Social Behavior and Personality. – 2011. – no. 39 (2). – pp. 199–206.
Jackson D. J., Huston T. L. Physical attractiveness and assertiveness // The Journal of Social Psychology. – 1975. – no. 96. – pp. 79–84.
Lao R. C., Upchurch W. H., Corwin B. J. Biased attitudes toward females as indicated by ratings of intelligence and likability // Psychol. Report. – 1975. – no. 37. – pp. 1315–1320.
Lipton D. N., Nelson R. O. The contribution of initiation behaviors to dating frequency // Behav. Therapy. – 1980. – no. 11. – pp. 59–67.
Mortesen C. D. Optimal human relations: The search for a good life. – New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2008.
Nota L., Soresi S., Ferrari L. A Multivariate Analysis of the Self-Determination of Adolescents // Journal of Happiness Studies. – 2011. – Vol. 12. – no. 2. – pp. 245–266.
Nota L., Soresi S., Ferrari L. “Quanta fiducia ho in me?” Validazione di uno strumento per l’analisi delle credenze di efficacia a proposito della gestione delle decisioni scolastico-professionali [“How much confidence do I have in myself?” An instrument for the analysis of school-career selfefficacy] // Testing Psicometria Metodologia. – 2005. – no. 12. – pp. 35–54.
Pendleton L. Attraction responses to female assertiveness in heterosexual social interactions // The Journal of Psychology. – 1982. – no. 111. – pp. 57–65.
Phares E. J. Differential utilization of information as a function of internal-external control // J. Personal. – 1968. – no. 36. – pp. 649–662.
Pheterson G., Kiesler S., Goldberg P. Evaluation of the performance of women as a function of their sex, achievement, and personal history // J. Personal. and Soc. Pychol. – 1971. – no. 19. – pp. 114–118.
Piccinin S., McCarrey M., Fairweather D. Impact of Situational Legitimacy and Assertiveness-related Anxiety Discomfort on Motivation and Ability to Generate Effective Criticism Responses // Current Psychology: Developmental 9. Learning Personality. Social Spring. – 1998. – Vol. 17. – no. 1. – pp. 75–92.
Piccinin S., McCarrey M., Weiburn K. Impact of treatment adherence intervention on a social skills program targeting criticism behaviors // Canadian Journal of Counselling. – 1992. – no. 26. – pp. 107–121.
Piccinin S., McCarrey M., Welburn K. J. Short versus long term gains of a cognitive-behavioralsocial skills program targeting the giving and receiving of criticism // Current Psychology: Research & Reviews. – 1990. – no. 9. – pp. 385–395.
Rathus S. A. A 30-item schedule for assessing behavior // Behavior Therapy. – 1973. – 4. – pp. 298–406.
Replogle W. H., O’Bannon R. M., McCullough P. W. Locus of control and assertive behavior // Psychol. Report. – 1980. – no. 47. – pp. 769–770.
Rich A. R., Schroeder H. E. Research issues in assertiveness training // Psychol. Bull. – 1976. – 83. – pp. 1081–1096.
Rosenkrantz P., Vogel S., Bee H. Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students // J. Consult. Clin. and Psychol. – 1968. – no. 32. – pp. 1081–1096.
Ryan R. M., Deci E. L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being // American Psychologist. – 2000. – no. 55. – pp. 68–78.
Seeman M., Evans J. W. Alienation and learning in a hospital setting // Amer. Sociolog. Rev. – 1962. – 27. – pp. 772–783.
Serin N. B., ve Derin R. İlkö ğretim öğrencilerinin kişilera-rası problem çözme becerisi algıları ve denetim odağı düzeylerini et-kileyen faktörler [The factors affecting primary school students’ perceptions of interpersonal problem solving skills and the levels of locus of control] // Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi. – 2008. – no. 8. – pp. 1–18.
Soenens B., Vansteenkiste M. Antecedents and outcomes of self-determination in three life domains: The role of parents’ and teachers’ autonomy support // Journal of Youth and Adolescence. – 2005. – no. 34. – pp. 589–604.
Spence J. T., Helmreich R., Strapp J. Ratings of self and peers on sex-role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity // J. Personal. & Soc. Psychol. – 1975. – 32. – pp. 29–39.
Tegin B. Üniversite öğrencilerinin atılganlık davranış ve eğilimlerinin cinsiyet ve fakülte değişkenleri açısından incelenmesi [Analyzing assertiveness level of university students through gender and other variables] // Psikoloji Dergisi. – 1990. – no. 7. – pp. 21–31.
Uzun D. Resmi ve özel okulöncesi eğitim kurumlarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin özsaygı ve denetim odağı aras ındaki ilişkilerin karşılaştırılması [Comparison of relations between self-esteem and locus of control for teachers in public and private preschool education]. – Ankara: Hacettepe University, 2002.
Шейнов В. П. Ассертивность и психологическое здоровье // Материалы научной конференции «Ананьевские чтения – 2013». – СПб., 2013. – С. 371–373.
Шейнов В. П. Возрастные и гендерные факторы ассертивности // Системная психология и социология. – 2014. – No 10.
Шейнов В. П. Разработка теста ассертивности, удовлетворяющего требованиям надежности и валидности // Вопросы психологии. – 2014. – No 2. – С. 107–116.
Alberti R. E., Emmous M. L. Your perfect right. – California: Impact, 2001.
Alden L., Cappe R. Nonassertiveness: Skill deficit or selection evaluation? // Behavior Therapy. – 1981. – no. 12. – pp. 107–114.
Alisinanoğlu F. Çocukların denetim odağı ile algıladıkları anne tutumları arasındaki iliş kinin incelenmesi. [A study on the relationship between childrens’ locus of control and the perception of mother attitudes] // Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. – 2003. – no. 1. – pp. 97–107.
Appelbaum A. S., Tuma J. M., Johnson J. H. Internal-external control and assertiveness of subjects high and low in social desirability // Psychol. Report. – 1975. – 37. – pp. 319–322.
Bloom L. Z., Coburn K., Pearlman J. The New Assertive Woman. – N. Y.: Dell, 1976.
Broverman I. K., Broverman D. M., Clarkson F. E. Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health // J. Consult. and Clin. Psychol. – 1970. – no. 30. – pp. 1–7.
Bruch M. A. A task analysis of assertive behavior revisited: Replication and extension // Behavior Therapy. – 1981. – no. 12. – pp. 217–230.
Buluş M. Ergen öğrencilerde denetim odağı ve yalnızlık düzeyi ilişkisi [The relationship between locus of control and loneliness level in adolescents]. İzmir: Dokuz Ey-lul University, 1996.
Campbell L., Simpson J. A., Boldry J. G. Perceptions of conflict and support in romantic relationships: The role of attachment anxiety // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. – 2005. – no. 88. – pp. 510–531.
Chesler P. Women and Madness. – N. Y.: Doubleday, 1972.
Chiauzzi E., Heimberg R. G. Legitimacy of request and social problem solving: A study of assertive and nonassertive subjects // Behavior Modification. – 1986. – no. 10. – pp. 3–18.
Cooley E. L., Nowicki J. S. Locus of control and assertiveness in male and female college students // The Journal of Psychology. – 1984. – no. 117. – pp. 85–87.
Cooley M. L. Interests of assertiveness trainees // Journal of Counseling Psychology. – 1979. – no. 26. – pp. 173–175.
Costrich N., Feinstein J., Kidder L. When stereotypes hurt: Three studies of penalties for sex-role reversals // J. Exper. Soc. Psychol. – 1975. – no. 11. – pp. 520–530.
Davis W. L., Phares E. J. Internal-external control as a determinant of information-seeking in a social influence situation // J. Personal. – 1967. – no. 35. – pp. 547–561.
Diener E., Suh E. M., Lucas R. E. Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress // Psychological Bulletin. – 1999. – 125. – pp. 276–302.
Eisler A. M., Hersen M., Miller P. M. Situational determinants of assertive behaviours // J. Consult. and Clin. Psychol. – 1975. – no. 43. – pp. 330–340.
Ellis L. J., Bentler P. M. Traditional sex-determined role standarts and sex stereotypes // J. Personal and Soc. Psychology. – 1973. – 25. – pp. 28–34.
Fiedler D., Beach I. R. On the decision to be assertive // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. – 1978. – no. 46. – pp. 537–546.
Goldberg P. Are women prejudiced against women? // Transaction. – 1968. – no. 5. – pp. 28–30.
Guay F., Sene ́cal C., Gauthier L. Predicting career indecision: A self-determination theory perspective // Journal of Counseling Psychology. – 2003. – no. 50. – pp. 165–177.
Hardre P. L., Reeve J. A motivational model of rural students’ intentions to persist in, versus drop out of, high school // Journal of Educational Psychology. – 2003. – no. 95. – pp. 347–356.
Hartwig W. H., Dickson A. L., Anderson H. N. Locus of control and assertion // Psychol. Report. – 1980. – no. 46. – pp. 1345–1346.
Heimberg R. G., Chiauzzi E., Becker R. E. Cognitive mediation of assertive behavior: An analysis of the self-statement patterns of college students, psychiatric patients, and normal adults // Cognitive Therapy and Research. – 1983. – no. 7. – pp. 455–463.
Hess E. P., Bridgwater C. A., Bornstein P. H. Situational determinants in the perception of assertiveness: Gender-related influences // Behav. Ther. – 1980. – no. 11. – pp. 49–58.
Hull D. B., Schroeder H. E. Some interpersonal effects of assertion, non-assertion, and aggression // Behav. Ther. – 1979. – no. 1. – pp. 20–28.
Ikiz F. E. Self-perceptions about properties affecting assertiveness of trainee counselors // Social Behavior and Personality. – 2011. – no. 39 (2). – pp. 199–206.
Jackson D. J., Huston T. L. Physical attractiveness and assertiveness // The Journal of Social Psychology. – 1975. – no. 96. – pp. 79–84.
Lao R. C., Upchurch W. H., Corwin B. J. Biased attitudes toward females as indicated by ratings of intelligence and likability // Psychol. Report. – 1975. – no. 37. – pp. 1315–1320.
Lipton D. N., Nelson R. O. The contribution of initiation behaviors to dating frequency // Behav. Therapy. – 1980. – no. 11. – pp. 59–67.
Mortesen C. D. Optimal human relations: The search for a good life. – New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2008.
Nota L., Soresi S., Ferrari L. A Multivariate Analysis of the Self-Determination of Adolescents // Journal of Happiness Studies. – 2011. – Vol. 12. – no. 2. – pp. 245–266.
Nota L., Soresi S., Ferrari L. “Quanta fiducia ho in me?” Validazione di uno strumento per l’analisi delle credenze di efficacia a proposito della gestione delle decisioni scolastico-professionali [“How much confidence do I have in myself?” An instrument for the analysis of school-career selfefficacy] // Testing Psicometria Metodologia. – 2005. – no. 12. – pp. 35–54.
Pendleton L. Attraction responses to female assertiveness in heterosexual social interactions // The Journal of Psychology. – 1982. – no. 111. – pp. 57–65.
Phares E. J. Differential utilization of information as a function of internal-external control // J. Personal. – 1968. – no. 36. – pp. 649–662.
Pheterson G., Kiesler S., Goldberg P. Evaluation of the performance of women as a function of their sex, achievement, and personal history // J. Personal. and Soc. Pychol. – 1971. – no. 19. – pp. 114–118.
Piccinin S., McCarrey M., Fairweather D. Impact of Situational Legitimacy and Assertiveness-related Anxiety Discomfort on Motivation and Ability to Generate Effective Criticism Responses // Current Psychology: Developmental 9. Learning Personality. Social Spring. – 1998. – Vol. 17. – no. 1. – pp. 75–92.
Piccinin S., McCarrey M., Weiburn K. Impact of treatment adherence intervention on a social skills program targeting criticism behaviors // Canadian Journal of Counselling. – 1992. – no. 26. – pp. 107–121.
Piccinin S., McCarrey M., Welburn K. J. Short versus long term gains of a cognitive-behavioralsocial skills program targeting the giving and receiving of criticism // Current Psychology: Research & Reviews. – 1990. – no. 9. – pp. 385–395.
Rathus S. A. A 30-item schedule for assessing behavior // Behavior Therapy. – 1973. – 4. – pp. 298–406.
Replogle W. H., O’Bannon R. M., McCullough P. W. Locus of control and assertive behavior // Psychol. Report. – 1980. – no. 47. – pp. 769–770.
Rich A. R., Schroeder H. E. Research issues in assertiveness training // Psychol. Bull. – 1976. – 83. – pp. 1081–1096.
Rosenkrantz P., Vogel S., Bee H. Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students // J. Consult. Clin. and Psychol. – 1968. – no. 32. – pp. 1081–1096.
Ryan R. M., Deci E. L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being // American Psychologist. – 2000. – no. 55. – pp. 68–78.
Seeman M., Evans J. W. Alienation and learning in a hospital setting // Amer. Sociolog. Rev. – 1962. – 27. – pp. 772–783.
Serin N. B., ve Derin R. İlkö ğretim öğrencilerinin kişilera-rası problem çözme becerisi algıları ve denetim odağı düzeylerini et-kileyen faktörler [The factors affecting primary school students’ perceptions of interpersonal problem solving skills and the levels of locus of control] // Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi. – 2008. – no. 8. – pp. 1–18.
Soenens B., Vansteenkiste M. Antecedents and outcomes of self-determination in three life domains: The role of parents’ and teachers’ autonomy support // Journal of Youth and Adolescence. – 2005. – no. 34. – pp. 589–604.
Spence J. T., Helmreich R., Strapp J. Ratings of self and peers on sex-role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity // J. Personal. & Soc. Psychol. – 1975. – 32. – pp. 29–39.
Tegin B. Üniversite öğrencilerinin atılganlık davranış ve eğilimlerinin cinsiyet ve fakülte değişkenleri açısından incelenmesi [Analyzing assertiveness level of university students through gender and other variables] // Psikoloji Dergisi. – 1990. – no. 7. – pp. 21–31.
Uzun D. Resmi ve özel okulöncesi eğitim kurumlarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin özsaygı ve denetim odağı aras ındaki ilişkilerin karşılaştırılması [Comparison of relations between self-esteem and locus of control for teachers in public and private preschool education]. – Ankara: Hacettepe University, 2002.