Аннотация
Введение. В статье представлен обзор категории «цель» с психологической точки зрения, раскрывается состояние исследования целей в настоящее время. Обобщены результаты порядка 100 литературных источников, включая эмпирические исследования целей. Предпринимается попытка собрать определения цели и обобщить их в единый конструкт. Показаны структура и свойства целей, отношения между средствами и целями, иерархия целей и подцелей, взаимосвязь между целями и планами, процессы постановки и достижения целей. Новизна работы заключается в уточнении категории «цель» с учетом имеющихся на данный момент научных знаний, конструировании психологического феномена «цель» на основе ключевых характеристик, используемых в литературе, выявлены дефициты в сфере изучения целей. Теоретическое обоснование. Теоретические наработки психологии в данной области используются во всех сферах деятельности – в образовании, на производстве, в спорте, системе здравоохранения и быту. Внимание уделяется конфликту целей и распределению ресурсов между несколькими целями, модели T.O.T.E., модели фаз действия «Рубикон», теории разворота Аптера, концепции психологической дистанции до цели, теме целенаправленного поведения с кибернетических позиций. Результаты. Автор дает исторический экскурс, касающийся категории цель конца XIX–XX вв., также отражены результаты исследований современного времени. На основании проведенного анализа установлено, что категория «цель» в XX в. бурно развивается и становится одним из звеньев мотивационной сферы человека. Обсуждение результатов. Категория «цель» в психологии является объектом исследования различных психологических школ и направлений и имеет ключевое значение в прогнозировании поведения, занимает одно из центральных мест в психологии личности. На данном этапе развития психологической науки недостаточно изучены вопросы динамики системы целей в различной экологической среде и во времени, характер связей в системе целей раскрыт в виде иерархических схем, без учета весов самих связей.
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