Аннотация
Введение. Известно, что фронтопариетальная система принимает участие в организации и интеллектуальных, и креативных функций, однако единого мнения относительно взаимодействия этих функций и их отражения в активности фронтопариетальных отделов мозга пока не сложилось. В связи с этим целью исследования стало определение паттернов нейронных осцилляций, которые могли бы быть предикторами вербального и образного компонентов интеллекта и/или образной креативности.
Методы. Для анализа активности фронтопариетальной системы использовали метод многоканальной электроэнцефалографии (ЭЭГ). В исследовании принимали участие 37 студентов университета. Фоновую мощность ЭЭГ в 6-ти частотных диапазонах от дельта до бета2 сопоставляли с показателями вербального (IQv) и образного (IQf) компонентов интеллекта согласно методике Амтхауэра и образной оригинальности при выполнении субтеста Торренса «Незавершенные фигуры» (НФ).
Результаты. При сравнении групп с высокими и низкими значениями IQv или НФ установлен общий эффект асимметрии активности передне- и заднефронтальных областей на бета1 частоте и большая мощность дельта ритма во фронтальных областях коры при более высоком IQv и в центрально-париетальной коре – при высокой образной оригинальности, сопровождающейся также большими значениями альфа1 ритма в центральных и альфа2 – во фронтальных областях коры. Для НФ и IQv получены сходные регрессионные модели с мощностью дельта ритма во фронтальных отведениях левого полушария как основным предиктором интеллектуальных и креативных способностей.
Обсуждение результатов. Сходство регрессионных моделей для НФ и IQv при более широком частотном и регионарном представительстве различий в ЭЭГ коррелятах образной оригинальности следует рассматривать как доказательство того, что интеллект (и структуры с ним связанные) является необходимым, но не достаточным условием креативности. Обнаруженная частотно-пространственная связь НФ и IQv может быть обусловлена сходной организацией исполнительного контроля выполнения образного задания.
Библиографические ссылки
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Beaty, R. E., Benedek, M., Wilkins, R. W., & Jauk, E. (2014). Creativity and the default network: A functional connectivity analysis of the creative brain at rest. Neuropsychologia, 64, 92–98. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.019
Beaty, R. E., Seli, P., & Schacter, D. L. (2019). Network Neuroscience of Creative Cognition: Mapping Cognitive Mechanisms and Individual Differences in the Creative Brain. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 27, 22–30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.08.013
Benedek, M., Bergner, S., Könen, T., Fink, A., & Neubauer, A. C. (2011). EEG alpha synchronization is related to top-down processing in convergent and divergent thinking. Neuropsychologia, 49, 3505–3511. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.004
Benedek, M., Jauk, E., Sommer, M., Arendasy, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2014). Intelligence, creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of executive functions in intelligence and creativity. Intelligence, 46, 73–83. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.007
Bhattacharya, J., & Petsche, H. (2005). Drawing on mind's canvas: Differences in cortical integration patterns between artists and non-artists. Human Brain Mapping, 26(1), 1–14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20104
Boot, N., Baas, M., Mühlfeld, E., de Dreu, C. K. W, & van Gaal, S. (2017). Widespread neural oscillations in the delta band dissociate rule convergence from rule divergence during creative idea generation. Neuropsychologia, 104, 8–17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.033
Christensen, A. P., Benedek, M., Silvia, P., & Beaty, R. (2019). Executive and default network connectivity reflects conceptual interference during creative imagery generation. PsyArXiv Preprints. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/n438d
Dikaya, L. A., & Dikii, I. S. (2015). Creative brain: a monograph. Rostov-on-Don: Publishing House of SFU. (in Russ.).
Erickson, B., Truelove-Hill, M., Oh, Y., Anderson, J., Zhang, F. Z., & Kounios, J. (2018). Resting-state brain oscillations predict trait-like cognitive styles. Neuropsychologia, 120, 1–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.014
Fink, A., & Benedek, M. (2014). EEG alpha power and creative ideation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 44, 111–123. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.002
Foster, P. S., Williamson, J. B., & Harrison, D. W. (2005). The ruff figural fluency test: heightened right frontal lobe delta activity as a function of performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 427–434. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2004.09.010
Gulbinaite, R., van Rijn, H., & Cohen, M. X. (2014). Fronto-parietal network oscillations reveal relationship between working memory capacity and cognitive control. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(761). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00761
Hahm, J., Kim, K. K., Park, S. H., & Lee, H. M. (2017). Brain areas subserving Torrance tests of creative thinking: an functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders, 16(2), 48–53 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2017.16.2.48
Hearne, L. J., Mattingley, J. B., & Cocchi, L. (2016). Functional brain networks related to individual differences in human intelligence at rest. Scientific Reports, 6(32328). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep32328
Heinonen, J., Numminen, J., Hlushchuk, Y., Antell, H., Taatila, V., & Suomala, J. (2016). Default Mode and Executive Networks Areas: Association with the Serial Order in Divergent Thinking. PLoS ONE, 11(9), e0162234. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162234
Herrmann, C. S., Strüber, D., Helfrich, R. F., & Engel, A. K. (2016). EEG oscillations: From correlation to causality. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 103, 12–21. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.003
Hirshorn, E. A., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2006). Role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in covert word retrieval: neural correlates of switching during verbal fluency. Neuropsychologia, 44(12), 2547–2557. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.035
Jauk, E., Benedek, M., Dunst, B., & Neubauer, A. C. (2013). The relationship between intelligence and creativity: New support for the threshold hypothesis by means of empirical breakpoint detection. Intelligence, 41, 212–221. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.03.003
Jung, R. E., & Haier, R. J. (2007). The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: converging neuroimaging evidence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(2), 135–154. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X07001185
Jung, R. E., Mead, B. S., Carrasco, J., & Flores, R. A. (2013). The structure of creative cognition in the human brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 330. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00330
Karwowski, M., Dul, J., Gralewski, J., Jauk, E., Jankowska, D. M., Gajda, A., … Benedek, M. (2016). Is creativity without intelligence possible? A Necessary Condition Analysis. Intelligence, 57, 105–117. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2016.04.006
Kenett, Y. N., Medaglia, J. D., Beaty, R. E., Chen, Q., Betzel, R. F., Thompson-Schill, S. L., & Qiu, J. (2018). Driving the brain towards creativity and intelligence: A network control theory analysis. Neuropsychologia, 118(PtA), 79–90. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.001
Knyazev, G. G. (2007). Motivation, emotion, and their inhibitory control mirrored in brain oscillations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 31(3), 377–395. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.10.004
Knyazev, G. G. (2012). EEG delta oscillations as a correlate of basic homeostatic and motivational processes. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 677–695. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.002
Kounios, J., Fleck, J. I., Green, D. L., Payne, L., Stevenson, J. L., Bowden, E. M., & Jung-Beeman, M. (2008). The origins of insight in resting-state brain activity. Neuropsychologia, 46, 281–291. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.013
Lee, K. H., Choi, Y. Y., Gray, J. R., Cho, S. H., Chae, J. H., Lee, S., & Kim, K. (2006). Neural correlates of superior intelligence: Stronger recruitment of posterior parietal cortex. NeuroImage, 29, 578–586. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.036
Li, W., Yang, J., Zhang, Q., Li, G., & Qiuc, J. (2016). The Association between Resting Functional Connectivity and Visual Creativity. Scientific Reports, 6(25395). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep25395
Lustenberger, C., Boyle, M. R., Foulser, A. A., Mellin, J. M., & Fröhlich, F. (2015). Functional role of frontal alpha oscillations in creativity. Cortex, 67, 74–82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.012
Nagornova, Zh. V. (2007). Dynamics of EEG power when performing tasks on non-verbal (figurative) creativity. Human Physiology, 33(3), 26–34. (in Russ.).
Nusbaum, E. C., & Silvia, P. J. (2011). Are intelligence and creativity really so different? Fluid intelligence, executive processes, and strategy use in divergent thinking. Intelligence, 39, 36–45.
Pamplona, G. S. P., Neto, G. S. S., Rosset, S. R. E., Rogers, B. P., & Salmon, C. E. G. (2015). Analyzing the association between functional connectivity of the brain and intellectual performance. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 1–11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00061
Pidgeon, L. M., Grealy, M., Duffy, A. H., Hay, L., McTeague, C., Vuletic, T., … Gilbert, S. J. (2016). Functional neuroimaging of visual creativity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain and Behavior, 6, e00540. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/brb3.540
Preckel, F., Holling, H., & Wiese, M. (2006). Relationship of intelligence and creativity in gifted and non-gifted students: An investigation of threshold theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 159–170. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.022
Pulvermuller, F., Birbaumer, N., Lutzenverger, W., & Mohr, B. (1997). High-frequency brain activity: Its possible role in attention, perception and language processing. Progress in Neurobiology, 52, 427–445.
Razumnikova, O. M. (2002). Methods for determining creativity. Novosibirsk: NSTU Publishing House. (in Russ.).
Razumnikova, O. M. (2009a). Features of the selection of information in creative thinking. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 6(3), 134–161. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2009-3-134-161 (in Russ.).
Razumnikova, O. M. (2009b). The relationship of the frequency-spatial parameters of the background EEG with the level of intelligence and creativity. Journal of Higher Nervous Activity, 59(6), 686–695. (in Russ.).
Razumnikova, O. M. (2007). The functional significance of α2 frequency range for convergent and divergent verbal thinking. Human Physiology, 33(2), 146–156. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S036211970702003X
Shi, L., Sun, J., Xia, Y., Ren, Z., Chen, Q., Wei, D., … Qiu, J. (2018). Large-scale brain network connectivity underlying creativity in resting-state and task fMRI: Cooperation between default network and frontal-parietal network. Biological Psychology, 135, 102–111. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.03.005
Solomon, E. A., Kragel, J. E., Sperling, M. R., Sharan, A., Worrell, G., Kucewicz, M., … Kahana, M. J. (2017). Widespread theta synchrony and high-frequency desynchronization underlies enhanced cognition. Nature Communications, 8(1704). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01763-2
Stevens, C. E. J., & Zabelina, D. L. (2019). Creativity comes in waves: An EEG-focused exploration of the creative brain. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 27, 154–162. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ke6wq
Takeshi, O., Aihara, T., Shimokawa, T., & Yamashita, O. (2018). Large-scale brain network associated with creative insight: combined voxel-based morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity analyses. Scientific Reports, 8(6477). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24981-0
Aziz-Zadeh, L., Liew, S. L., & Dandekar, F. (2013). Exploring the neural correlates of visual creativity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 475–480. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss021
Beaty, R. E., Benedek, M., Wilkins, R. W., & Jauk, E. (2014). Creativity and the default network: A functional connectivity analysis of the creative brain at rest. Neuropsychologia, 64, 92–98. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.019
Beaty, R. E., Seli, P., & Schacter, D. L. (2019). Network Neuroscience of Creative Cognition: Mapping Cognitive Mechanisms and Individual Differences in the Creative Brain. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 27, 22–30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.08.013
Benedek, M., Bergner, S., Könen, T., Fink, A., & Neubauer, A. C. (2011). EEG alpha synchronization is related to top-down processing in convergent and divergent thinking. Neuropsychologia, 49, 3505–3511. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.004
Benedek, M., Jauk, E., Sommer, M., Arendasy, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2014). Intelligence, creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of executive functions in intelligence and creativity. Intelligence, 46, 73–83. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.007
Bhattacharya, J., & Petsche, H. (2005). Drawing on mind's canvas: Differences in cortical integration patterns between artists and non-artists. Human Brain Mapping, 26(1), 1–14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20104
Boot, N., Baas, M., Mühlfeld, E., de Dreu, C. K. W, & van Gaal, S. (2017). Widespread neural oscillations in the delta band dissociate rule convergence from rule divergence during creative idea generation. Neuropsychologia, 104, 8–17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.033
Christensen, A. P., Benedek, M., Silvia, P., & Beaty, R. (2019). Executive and default network connectivity reflects conceptual interference during creative imagery generation. PsyArXiv Preprints. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/n438d
Dikaya, L. A., & Dikii, I. S. (2015). Creative brain: a monograph. Rostov-on-Don: Publishing House of SFU. (in Russ.).
Erickson, B., Truelove-Hill, M., Oh, Y., Anderson, J., Zhang, F. Z., & Kounios, J. (2018). Resting-state brain oscillations predict trait-like cognitive styles. Neuropsychologia, 120, 1–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.014
Fink, A., & Benedek, M. (2014). EEG alpha power and creative ideation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 44, 111–123. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.002
Foster, P. S., Williamson, J. B., & Harrison, D. W. (2005). The ruff figural fluency test: heightened right frontal lobe delta activity as a function of performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 427–434. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2004.09.010
Gulbinaite, R., van Rijn, H., & Cohen, M. X. (2014). Fronto-parietal network oscillations reveal relationship between working memory capacity and cognitive control. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(761). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00761
Hahm, J., Kim, K. K., Park, S. H., & Lee, H. M. (2017). Brain areas subserving Torrance tests of creative thinking: an functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders, 16(2), 48–53 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2017.16.2.48
Hearne, L. J., Mattingley, J. B., & Cocchi, L. (2016). Functional brain networks related to individual differences in human intelligence at rest. Scientific Reports, 6(32328). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep32328
Heinonen, J., Numminen, J., Hlushchuk, Y., Antell, H., Taatila, V., & Suomala, J. (2016). Default Mode and Executive Networks Areas: Association with the Serial Order in Divergent Thinking. PLoS ONE, 11(9), e0162234. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162234
Herrmann, C. S., Strüber, D., Helfrich, R. F., & Engel, A. K. (2016). EEG oscillations: From correlation to causality. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 103, 12–21. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.003
Hirshorn, E. A., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2006). Role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in covert word retrieval: neural correlates of switching during verbal fluency. Neuropsychologia, 44(12), 2547–2557. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.035
Jauk, E., Benedek, M., Dunst, B., & Neubauer, A. C. (2013). The relationship between intelligence and creativity: New support for the threshold hypothesis by means of empirical breakpoint detection. Intelligence, 41, 212–221. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.03.003
Jung, R. E., & Haier, R. J. (2007). The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: converging neuroimaging evidence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(2), 135–154. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X07001185
Jung, R. E., Mead, B. S., Carrasco, J., & Flores, R. A. (2013). The structure of creative cognition in the human brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 330. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00330
Karwowski, M., Dul, J., Gralewski, J., Jauk, E., Jankowska, D. M., Gajda, A., … Benedek, M. (2016). Is creativity without intelligence possible? A Necessary Condition Analysis. Intelligence, 57, 105–117. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2016.04.006
Kenett, Y. N., Medaglia, J. D., Beaty, R. E., Chen, Q., Betzel, R. F., Thompson-Schill, S. L., & Qiu, J. (2018). Driving the brain towards creativity and intelligence: A network control theory analysis. Neuropsychologia, 118(PtA), 79–90. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.001
Knyazev, G. G. (2007). Motivation, emotion, and their inhibitory control mirrored in brain oscillations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 31(3), 377–395. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.10.004
Knyazev, G. G. (2012). EEG delta oscillations as a correlate of basic homeostatic and motivational processes. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 677–695. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.002
Kounios, J., Fleck, J. I., Green, D. L., Payne, L., Stevenson, J. L., Bowden, E. M., & Jung-Beeman, M. (2008). The origins of insight in resting-state brain activity. Neuropsychologia, 46, 281–291. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.013
Lee, K. H., Choi, Y. Y., Gray, J. R., Cho, S. H., Chae, J. H., Lee, S., & Kim, K. (2006). Neural correlates of superior intelligence: Stronger recruitment of posterior parietal cortex. NeuroImage, 29, 578–586. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.036
Li, W., Yang, J., Zhang, Q., Li, G., & Qiuc, J. (2016). The Association between Resting Functional Connectivity and Visual Creativity. Scientific Reports, 6(25395). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep25395
Lustenberger, C., Boyle, M. R., Foulser, A. A., Mellin, J. M., & Fröhlich, F. (2015). Functional role of frontal alpha oscillations in creativity. Cortex, 67, 74–82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.012
Nagornova, Zh. V. (2007). Dynamics of EEG power when performing tasks on non-verbal (figurative) creativity. Human Physiology, 33(3), 26–34. (in Russ.).
Nusbaum, E. C., & Silvia, P. J. (2011). Are intelligence and creativity really so different? Fluid intelligence, executive processes, and strategy use in divergent thinking. Intelligence, 39, 36–45.
Pamplona, G. S. P., Neto, G. S. S., Rosset, S. R. E., Rogers, B. P., & Salmon, C. E. G. (2015). Analyzing the association between functional connectivity of the brain and intellectual performance. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 1–11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00061
Pidgeon, L. M., Grealy, M., Duffy, A. H., Hay, L., McTeague, C., Vuletic, T., … Gilbert, S. J. (2016). Functional neuroimaging of visual creativity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain and Behavior, 6, e00540. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/brb3.540
Preckel, F., Holling, H., & Wiese, M. (2006). Relationship of intelligence and creativity in gifted and non-gifted students: An investigation of threshold theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 159–170. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.06.022
Pulvermuller, F., Birbaumer, N., Lutzenverger, W., & Mohr, B. (1997). High-frequency brain activity: Its possible role in attention, perception and language processing. Progress in Neurobiology, 52, 427–445.
Razumnikova, O. M. (2002). Methods for determining creativity. Novosibirsk: NSTU Publishing House. (in Russ.).
Razumnikova, O. M. (2009a). Features of the selection of information in creative thinking. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 6(3), 134–161. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2009-3-134-161 (in Russ.).
Razumnikova, O. M. (2009b). The relationship of the frequency-spatial parameters of the background EEG with the level of intelligence and creativity. Journal of Higher Nervous Activity, 59(6), 686–695. (in Russ.).
Razumnikova, O. M. (2007). The functional significance of α2 frequency range for convergent and divergent verbal thinking. Human Physiology, 33(2), 146–156. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S036211970702003X
Shi, L., Sun, J., Xia, Y., Ren, Z., Chen, Q., Wei, D., … Qiu, J. (2018). Large-scale brain network connectivity underlying creativity in resting-state and task fMRI: Cooperation between default network and frontal-parietal network. Biological Psychology, 135, 102–111. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.03.005
Solomon, E. A., Kragel, J. E., Sperling, M. R., Sharan, A., Worrell, G., Kucewicz, M., … Kahana, M. J. (2017). Widespread theta synchrony and high-frequency desynchronization underlies enhanced cognition. Nature Communications, 8(1704). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01763-2
Stevens, C. E. J., & Zabelina, D. L. (2019). Creativity comes in waves: An EEG-focused exploration of the creative brain. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 27, 154–162. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ke6wq
Takeshi, O., Aihara, T., Shimokawa, T., & Yamashita, O. (2018). Large-scale brain network associated with creative insight: combined voxel-based morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity analyses. Scientific Reports, 8(6477). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24981-0