Аннотация
Введение. В статье рассматриваются особенности идентичности и ее динамики на выборках младшего школьного, подросткового, юношеского возраста. Автор рассматривает различные подходы к проблеме, принятые в отечественной и зарубежной психологии. Новизна исследования заключается в изучении места интегральной идентичности с малыми группами в системе идентичности у испытуемых различного возраста и связи данного компонента с кризисом идентичности.
Методы. Автор использует методики «Двадцать утверждений» М. Куна и Т. МакПартленда, и «Семантический дифференциал» Ч. Осгуда как наиболее востребованные при изучении данной проблемы.
Результаты. На выборке из 902-х испытуемых в ходе двухлетнего исследования автор показывает, что существует ряд возрастных и гендерных особенностей динамики идентичности. Показано, что в период с младшего школьного до юношеского возраста оценка себя испытуемыми вне зависимости от их пола постепенно снижается. Одновременно испытуемые все чаще описывают свою личность, как «сложную». Обнаружено, что наиболее выраженными компонентами социальной идентичности у младших школьников, подростков и лиц юношеского возраста являются гендерная, семейная и профессиональная идентичности. При этом существует как гендерная, так и возрастная специфика динамики данных компонентов. Описан постепенный рост социального компонента идентичности при одновременном снижении ее личностного компонента у младших школьников и подростков. Наконец, проанализирована динамика такого компонента идентичности, как интегральная идентичность с малыми группами: у младших школьников и подростков выраженность данного компонента увеличивается, а в юношеском возрасте уменьшается.
Обсуждение результатов. Автор сравнивает полученные им результаты с работами как отечественных (А. В. Микляева, Т. В. Румянцева, В. Л. Ситников), так и зарубежных (Z. Abdukeram, Ch. Tanti) авторов. Анализируются различия в полученных результатах, обусловленные как разницей в выборках, так и подходах к изучаемой проблеме (использование трехкомпонентной модели зарубежными авторами). Делается вывод об особой роли такого компонента идентичности, как интегральная идентичность с малыми группам в динамике идентичности подростков.Библиографические ссылки
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Kuz'min M. Ju. Features of the dynamics of identity in junior schoolchildren, teenagers, and adolescents. Sibirskijpsihologicheskijzhurnal – Siberian Journal of Psychology,2016, no. 62, pp. 54–66 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17223/17267080/62/5
Bogdanova N. A. PsihologicheskietrudnostirazvitijaJa-identichnostimladshihshkol'nikov [Psychological challenges for the development of self-identity in junior schoolchildren]. Diss. Cand. Sci. (Psych.). Tula, 2000. 172 p.
Garmaeva T. V. Features of ethnic identity in primary schoolchildren and teenagers living in the city. Psychological Research, 2010, no. 2 (10). Available at: http://psystudy.ru/index.php/num/2010n2-10/310-garmaeva10.html
Mikljaeva A. V., Rumjanceva P. V. Social'najaidentichnost' lichnosti: soderzhanie, struktura, mehanizmyformirovanija [The person’s social identity: The content, structure, mechanisms of formation]. St. Petersburg, RSPU Publ., 2008. 118 p.
Beljaeva E. V. Psihologo-pedagogicheskoevozdejstvieskazkinaformirovaniejetnicheskojidentichnostimladshihshkol'nikov [Psychological and pedagogical influence of fairy tales on junior schoolchildren’s ethnic identity]. Diss. Cand. Sci. (Psych.). Kursk, 2005. 204 p.
Kalinina O. G., Holmogorova A. B. The influence of the father image on teenagers’ emotional well-being and gender-role identity. Voprosypsihologii, 2007, no. 1, pp. 15–26 (in Russian).
Kuz'min M. Ju.Krizisidentichnostii ego svjaz' s zhiznestojkost'ju u studentov[An identity crisis and vitality in students]. Diss. Cand. Sci. (Psych.). St. Petersburg, 2012. 190 p.
Ivanova N. L., Mazilova G. B. Changes in ethnic and civil identity in the new social environment. Voprosypsihologii, 2008, no. 2, pp. 83–93 (in Russian).
Ivanova N. L., Kulaeva E. V. Self-determination of women with different gender identity types. Voprosypsihologii, 2011, no. 1, pp. 106–115 (in Russian).
Peregudina V. A. Osobennostistanovlenijamuzhskojizhenskojgendernojidentichnosti v vozrastnomdiapazoneotstarshegodoshkol'nogo do junosheskogovozrasta [Features of male and female gender identity formation in the age from the late pre-school age to adolescence]. Diss. Cand. Sci. (Psych.). Belgorod, 2011. 239 p.
Flotskaja N. Ju. Psychological features of the development of gender identity in preschool age. VestnikSevernogo (Arkticheskogo) federal'nogouniversiteta. Serija: Gumanitarnyeisocial'nyenauki – Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series: Humanitarian and Social Sciences, 2011, no. 3, pp. 147–152 (in Russian).
Worrell F. C.Social identities in school psychology research and practice: A call to action. XII CONPE. Congresso national de psicologia escolar e educacional. 37-th ISPA Conference «EscolasparaTodos: politicasPublicas e Praticas dos Psicologos». Sao Paulo: UniversiadadePresbiteriana Mackenzie, 2015, p. 119.
Kroger J.The role of historical context in the identity formation process of late adolescence. Youth and Society, 1993, V. 24, no. 4, pp. 363–376.
Sitnikov V. L. Obrazrebenka v soznaniidetejivzroslyh [The image of the child in children and adults’ consciousness]. St. Petersburg, Himizdat Publ., 2001. 288 p.
Savina O. O. Psihologicheskijanalizstanovlenijaidentichnosti v podrostkovomijunosheskomvozraste [A psychological analysis of identity formation in adolescence]. Diss. Cand. Sci. (Psych.). Moscow, 2003. 179 p.
Abdukeram Z., Mamat M., Lou W., Wu Y.Influence of culture on tripartite self-concept development in adolescence: a comparison between Han and Uyghur cultures. Psychological Reports: Sociocultural Issues in Psychology, 2015, V. 116, no. 1, pp. 292–310. DOI: 10.2466/17.07.PR0.116k12w8
Tanti Ch., Stukas A. A., Halloran M. J., Foddy M.Tripartite self-concept change: Shifts in the individual, relational, and collective self in adolescence. Self and Identity, 2008, V. 7, no. 4, pp. 360–379. DOI: 10.1080/15298860701665081
Cockerham W. S.Open School vs. traditional school: self-identification among native American and white adolescents. Sociology of Education, 1976, V. 49, pp. 164–169.
Madson L., Trafimow D.Gender comparison in private, collective and allocentric selves. Journal of Social Psychology, 2001, V. 141, Issue 4, pp. 551–559.
Khanlou N.Cultural identity as part of youth’s self-concept in multicultural settings. International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction, 2005, V. 3, Issue 2, P. 1–14.
Abdullaeva M. M. The person’s professional identity: The psycho-semantic approach. Psihologicheskijzhurnal– Psychological Journal, 2004, V. 25, no. 2, pp. 86–95 (in Russian).
Carroll E., Coetzer R.Identity, grief and self-awareness after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2011, V. 21, no. 3, pp. 289–305. DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2011.555972
Zevin J.Perceptions of national identity: How adolescents in the United States and Norway view their own and other countries. Social Studies, 2003, V. 94, no. 5, pp. 227–231.
Petrenko V. F. Osnovypsihosemantiki [Fundamentals of psycho-semantics]. St. Petersburg, Piter Publ., 2005. 480 p.
Petrenko V. F. Mnogomernoesoznanie: psihosemanticheskajaparadigma [Multidimensional consciousness: The psycho-semantic paradigm]. Moscow, Novyjhronograf Publ., 2010. 440 p.
Erikson E. Childhood and society [Russ. ed.: Jerikson Je. Detstvoiobshhestvo. St. Petersburg, Rech' Publ., 2000. 276 p.].
Kuz'min M. Ju. The dynamics of identity in adolescence. IzvestiyaIrkutskogoGosudarstvennogoUniversiteta – Bulletin of Irkutsk State University, 2015, V. 13, pp. 25–35 (in Russian).
Kuz'min M. Ju. Kategorizacijasebjapripomoshhikachestvlichnostikakkriterijkrizisaidentichnosti u podrostkovijunoshej [Self-categorization by means of personality traits as a criterion of identity crisis in adolescents and young men].Sbornikmaterialov 2-j Mezhdunarodnojnauchno-prakticheskojkonferencii, posvjashhennojistoriipsihologicheskojnauki, psihologicheskogoobrazovanijai 90-letiju kafedrypsihologii RGPU im. A. I. Gercena “Preemstvennost' psihologicheskojnauki v Rossii: tradiciiiinnovacii” [Proc. the 2nd International Theoretical and Practical Conference dedicated to the history of psychological science, psychological education, and the 90th anniversary of the department of psychology, Herzen State Pedagogical University “Continuity of Psychology in Russia: Traditions and innovations”]. St. Petersburg, RSPUPubl., 2015, pp. 153–157.
Kuz'min M. Ju. Comparing identity in junior schoolchildren, teenagers, and adolescents. Sibirskijpsihologicheskijzhurnal – Siberian Journal of Psychology, 2015, no. 58, pp. 61–75 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17223/17267080/58/4
Kuz'min M. Ju. Features of the dynamics of identity in junior schoolchildren, teenagers, and adolescents. Sibirskijpsihologicheskijzhurnal – Siberian Journal of Psychology,2016, no. 62, pp. 54–66 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17223/17267080/62/5