Аннотация
Введение. Цветовая чувствительность (способность различать отдельные цвета и ощущать отличия в спектральном составе видимых излучений и окраске предметов) у людей с нормальным цветовым зрением (здоровых нормальных трихроматов) может существенно варьироваться под воздействием различных факторов, как внутренних, так и внешних. Наиболее значимую группу факторов составляют физиологические (или телесные). В статье впервые систематизируются результаты аналогичных по методологии эмпирических работ, в которых возможное влияние на цветовую чувствительность телесных факторов оценивалось с помощью теста Фарнсворта-Манселла.
Методы. Исследование проводилось с использованием методологии систематического обзора и метаанализа. Отбор источников осуществлялся в соответствии с рекомендациями PRISMA через наукометрические архивы (PubMed, Scopus) и поисковые платформы (Web of Science, Semantic Scholar). Базу данных составили результаты 35 исследований, проведенных в период с 1963 по 2024 годы на территории 17 стран мира с участием 4024 человек.
Результаты. Тематическая кластеризация выявленных работ позволила разделить телесные факторы цветовой чувствительности на три укрупненных группы. Первая – факторы, связанные с половыми различиями и эндокринной спецификой. Вторая – основные антропологические признаки глаза, прежде всего – цвет радужной оболочки, плотность макулярного пигмента, размер зрачка. Третья группа – различные влияния возрастных изменений в процессе естественного старения организма.
Обсуждение результатов. Сопоставление полученных в каждом из тематических кластеров показателей общей (TES) и частичных ошибок (PES) выполнения теста Фарнсворта-Манселла показало, что в масштабах популяции цветовая чувствительность имеет достаточно заметные различия, которые коррелируют с полом, возрастом, этническими и расовыми особенностями строения глаза. Одним из главных ограничений проведенных измерений является привлечение к исследованиям преимущественно европейских и американских наблюдателей. В наибольшей степени это касается возрастных норм. Исследования в этом направлении нуждаются в продолжении и дальнейшем развитии.
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