Ключевые слова
родительское выгорание
семейная ситуация
детско-родительские отношения
деперсонализация
эмоциональное истощение
проактивный копинг
совладающее поведение
Аннотация
Введение. В настоящее время выявлено значительное число детей с расстройствами аутистического спектра (РАС). Появление в семье ребенка с подобным расстройством создаёт неблагоприятную ситуацию для родителей, способствующую родительскому выгоранию. Методы. Выборку составили 75 матерей, воспитывающих детей с РАС (возраст опрашиваемых 36,52 ± 6,54 лет, возраст детей 6,1 ± 1,72 лет). Для диагностики использовались опросник «Родительское выгорание» (И. Н. Ефимова) и опросник проактивного совладающего поведения (E. Greenglas, R. Schwarzer, S. Taubert, адаптация Е. С. Старченковой). Для статистической обработки были использованы критерий Краскелла–Уоллиса, регрессионный анализ. Результаты. Установлено, что для матерей, воспитывающих двух детей, в меньшей степени характерна деперсонализация, чем для матерей, имеющих одного или трех детей, один из которых страдает РАС. Предиктором, снижающим эмоциональное истощение и деперсонализацию, является проактивное преодоление. Причиной повышения деперсонализации является поиск инструментальной поддержки без реального подкрепления ее в действиях, направленных на заботу о больном ребенке. В качестве реальных родительских достижений выступают «Проактивное преодоление», «Стратегическое планирование», «Поиск эмоциональной поддержки». Обсуждение результатов. Родительское выгорание матерей, воспитывающих ребенка с РАС, определяется в большинстве случаев недостаточностью проактивного преодоления. Родительское выгорание имеет многофакторное происхождение и происходит в ответ на длительный дисбаланс между стрессорами и ресурсами матери. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о необходимости создания программ психологического сопровождения матерей, воспитывающих ребенка с Программы должны быть направлены на развитие родительской компетентности и проактивного копинга для профилактики выгорания.
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