Abstract
Introduction. Adolescents’ ethnic socialization is a topical issue in modern socio-cultural conditions. Ethnic socialization determines the type of ethnic identity, value orientations and tolerance. The present study deals with characteristics of adolescents’ ethnic socialization and reveals its types. The paper presents an innovative view of ethnic socialization types, which may be grouped as follows: (a) successful type, (b) incomplete type and (c) ethnic desocialization.
Methods. The study employed the following techniques (a) the Tolerance Index express questionnaire by G. U. Soldatova et al.; (b) Bogardus Social Distance Scale; (c) Types of Ethnic Identity technique by G. U. Soldatova and S. V. Ryzhova; (d) Relationships Diagnostic Test by G. U. Soldatova; (e) The Portrait Values Questionnaire by Schwartz et al. The Mann–Whitney U test was a method for mathematical and statistical data processing. The study involved 250 school students from Chita at the age from 12 to 14 years.
Results. The study revealed the following tendencies and risks in the adolescents’ ethnic socialization: (a) negative ethnic stereotypes; (b) decrease in tolerance and universalism values; (c) ethnic selectivity; and (d) blurring ethnic identity.
Discussion. The findings suggest that depending on the type of ethnic socialization, which includes the type of ethnic identity, tolerance level, characteristics of social distance, value orientations, and ethnic stereotypes, adolescents fall into one of three groups.
References
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Lebedeva N. M., Tatarko A. N. Kul'tura kak faktor obshchestvennogo progressa [Culture as a factor of social progress]. Moscow, Yustitsinform Publ., 2009. 408 p.
Belinskaya E. P., Stefanenko T. G. Etnicheskaya sotsializatsiya podrostka [An adolescent’s ethnic socialization]. Voronezh, MODEK Publ., 2000. 208 p.
Stefanenko T. G. Ethnic identity: From ethnology to social psychology. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya – The Moscow University Herald. Series 14. Psychology, 2009, no. 2, pp. 3–17 (in Russian).
Soldatova G. U., Shaigerova L. A., Sharova O. D. Zhit' v mire s soboi i drugimi: trening tolerantnosti dlya podrostkov [Living in peace with yourself and others: Tolerance training for adolescents]. Moscow, Genezis Publ., 2001. 112 p.
Temirova F. A. Psikhologicheskie osobennosti formirovaniya etnicheskoi tolerantnosti podrostkov v obrazovatel'nom protsesse shkoly [Psychological features of adolescents’ ethnic tolerance in the school educational process]. Diss. Cand. Sci. (Psych.). Kursk, 2007. 184 p.
Fedorova S. N. Etnokul'turnoe razvitie detei. Psikhologo-pedagogicheskoe soprovozhdenie [Ethno-cultural development of children: Psycho-pedagogical support]. Moscow, Forum Publ., 2011. 176 p.
Khotinets V. Yu., Molchanova E. A. The mediating role of an ethnic image in interethnic relations. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal, 2014, V. 35, no. 3, pp. 40–57 (in Russian).
Khotinets V. Yu. Adolescents’ victimization in the conditions of the deficiency of inculturation. In: Khukhlaeva E. (ed.) Na perekrestke migratsii: ot teoreticheskikh modelei k prakticheskim resheniyam [At the crossroads of migration: From theoretical models to practical solutions]. Moscow, MGPPU Publ., 2013, pp. 102–103. Available at: http://psyjournals.ru/files/63461/ethnoconf_2013_tezis.PDF
Grishina A. V., Lunin S. L. Types of ethnic identity in Russian young people as the indicator of positive readiness for forced migrants from Ukraine. Rossiiskii psikhologicheskii zhurnal – Russian Psychological Journal, 2015, V. 12, no. 2, pp. 46–55 (in Russian).
Bennett M. J. Becoming interculturally competent. In: J. Wurzel (ed.) Тoward multiculturalism: A reader in multicultural education. Newton, MA, Intercultural Resource Corporation, 2004, pp. 62–77.
Available at: http://www.emic-project.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BecomingInterculturallyCompetent_Bennett.pdf
Brown C. M., Ling W. Ethnic-racial socialization has an indirect effect on self-esteem for Asian American emerging adults. Psychology, 2012, V. 3, no. 1, pp. 78–81. DOI: 10.4236/psych.2012.31013
Chung A. Y. From caregivers to caretakers: The impact of family roles on ethnicity among children of Korean and Chinese immigrant families. Qualitative Sociology, 2013, V. 36, Issue 3, pp. 279–302. DOI: 10.1007/s11133-013-9252-x
Csizmadia A., Rollins A., Kaneakua J. P. Ethnic-racial socialization and its correlates in families of black-white biracial children. Family Relations, 2014, V. 63, Issue 2, pp. 259–270. DOI: 10.1111/fare.12062
Hernández M. M., Conger R. D., Robins R. W., Bacher K. B., Widaman K. F. Cultural socialization and ethnic pride among Mexican-origin adolescents during the transition to middle school. Child Development, 2014, V. 85, Issue 2, pp. 695–708. DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12167
Erikson E. Identity: youth and crisis (Russ. ed.: Erikson E. Identichnost': yunost' i krizis. Moscow, Flinta, MPSI, Progress Publ., 2006. 352 p.).
Buchek A. A. Etnicheskoe samosoznanie lichnosti v prostranstve polietnicheskogo mira [Ethnic self-consciousness in the polyethnic space]. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Kamchatka State University Publ., 2012. 386 p.
Grimm J., Huddy L., Schmidt P., Seethaler J. Dynamics of national identity: Media and societal factors of what we are. New York, Routledge, 2016. 356 p.
Phinney J. S. Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 1990, V. 108 (3), pp. 499–514. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499
Umaña‐Taylor A. J., Quintana S. M., Lee R. M., et al. Ethnic and racial identity during adolescence and into young adulthood: An integrated conceptualization. Child Development, 2014, V. 85, Issue 1, pp. 21–39. DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12196
Kornienko D. S., Gaidamashko I. V., Kandybovich S. L. Dynamics of ethnic identity in the Komi-Perm and Russian students in the educational process. Rossiiskii psikhologicheskii zhurnal – Russian Psychological Journal, 2017, V. 14, no. 1, pp. 108–123 (in Russian). DOI: 10.21702/rpj.2017.1.7
Jovanović B., Kačapor S. Role of education in developing inter-ethnic tolerance and cooperation. Teme, 2016, pp. 351–364. URL: https://www.google.ru/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwix2ofj59XZAhUJDywKHQxzBr8QFggqMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fteme2.junis.ni.ac.rs%2Findex.php%2FTEME%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F25%2F114&usg=AOvVaw0hdQmfU9jBJPbL7ijFr6zR
Verkuyten M. Further conceptualizing ethnic and racial identity research: The social identity approach and its dynamic model. Child Development, 2016, V. 87, Issue 6, pp. 1796–1812. DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12555
Lebedeva N. M., Tatarko A. N., Berry J. Socio-psychological foundations of multiculturalism: Testing the hypothesis on cross-cultural interaction in the Russian context. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal, 2016, V. 37, no. 2, pp. 92–104 (in Russian).
Combs G. M., Milosevic I., Jeung W., Griffith J. Ethnic identity and job attribute preferences: The role of collectivism and psychological capital. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 2012, V. 19, Issue 1, pp. 5–16. DOI: 10.1177/1548051811433359
Costigan C. L., Koryzma C. M., Hua J. M., Chance L. J. Ethnic identity, achievement, and psychological adjustment: Examining risk and resilience among youth from immigrant Chinese families in Canada. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2010, V. 16 (2), pp. 264–273. DOI: 10.1037/a0017275
Johnson L. R., Kim E. H., Johnson-Pynn J. S., Schulenberg S. E., Balagaye H., Lugumya D. Ethnic identity, self-efficacy, and intercultural attitudes in East African and U.S. youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 2012, V. 27, Issue 2, pp. 256–289. DOI: 10.1177/0743558411412955
Abakumova I. V., Brizhak Z. I., Masaeva Z. V. Aggressive behavior among schoolchildren belonging to various ethnic groups in a post-conflict region. Rossiiskii psikhologicheskii zhurnal – Russian Psychological Journal, 2016, V. 13, no. 4, pp. 100–116 (in Russian). DOI: 10.21702/rpj.2016.4.6
Inglehart R., Baker W. E. Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 2000, V. 65, no. 1, pp. 19–51. DOI: 10.2307/2657288
Fel'dshtein D. I. Profound changes in modern childhood and psycho-pedagogical problems of education development. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii obrazovaniya – Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Education, 2011, no. 4, pp. 5–24 (in Russian).
Lebedeva N. M., Tatarko A. N. Kul'tura kak faktor obshchestvennogo progressa [Culture as a factor of social progress]. Moscow, Yustitsinform Publ., 2009. 408 p.